Breast Cancer Essay Research Paper Genetic Testing free essay sample

Breast Cancer Essay, Research Paper Familial Testing for Breast Cancer Breast Cancer touches each of our lives in someway. Almost everyone knows person who has been touched by it, and many of us live in fright of what it will make to us personally. Breast malignant neoplastic disease has been around of all time since I can retrieve ; it has affected my grandma and my female parent. Unfortunately my female parent was non able to contend this awful disease and died when I was merely 16. These were really difficult times for me, and of all time since so, my life has neer been the same. I neer knew how painful this disease could be for the person every bit good as for the household, by conveying agony and opening lesions that neer heal. Harmonizing to the National Women Health Information Center, chest malignant neoplastic disease is the most normally diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease and the 2nd prima cause of malignant neoplastic disease decease in American adult females today. We will write a custom essay sample on Breast Cancer Essay Research Paper Genetic Testing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Health Technology Advisory Committee, estimates that there will be approximately 175,000 new instances of invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease this twelvemonth among adult females in the United States and there will be an norm of 43,300 adult females deceasing from this disease yearly. Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the most common type of malignant neoplastic disease among adult females, with about one in nine adult females developing the disease in her life-time ( National Cancer society. ) Although chest malignant neoplastic disease is known to impact adult females, it besides can be every bit lay waste toing to work forces. Male chest malignant neoplastic disease histories for one per centum of all diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease. Breast Cancer is disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the chest. These cancerous cells continue to turn and finally organize into lumps known as a tumour. A tumour is a mass of new tissue growing that is unresponsive to normal controls of the organisation influence of next tissues ; has no utile physiological map ( Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia 19:330 ) . The are two sort of tumours found in a adult females chest ; a benign and a malignant tumour. A benign tumour by and large grows easy and does non distribute to any portion of the organic structure. On the other manus, a malignant tumour is really unsafe. This tumour kills unless treated, because of its invasive and metastatic features. Every adult female is at hazard of obtaining Breast Cancer, nevertheless, some are at higher hazard than others. Simply being a adult female is the chief hazard factor for developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease can impact work forces, but this disease is about one hundred times more common among adult females. A adult females? s hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease increases with age. About 77 per centum of adult females with chest malignant neoplastic disease are over age 50 at the clip of diagnosing. Womans aged between 20 and 39 history for merely zero three per centum of chest malignant neoplastic disease instances ( TNCI ) . A chart from the National Cancer Institute illustrated that a adult female by that age of 30 is one out of two thousand five 100s and 20 at hazard of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease. The chart besides illustrated that a adult female by the age of eight her hazards of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease addition by one out of 10. Research has showed that those adult females, who have a personal history of chest malignant neoplastic disease, are five to six times at greater hazard of acquiring the disease than those who don? Ts have a personal history ( Hirshuat 67 ) . Womans who got their menses before the age of 12 are besides at higher hazard of developing malignant neoplastic disease than those who got their menses after the age of 15. Louise Brinton, Ph.D. , head of the Environmental Studies Section at the National Cancer Institute stated that, ? Many misss who get their periods at an early age tend to be corpulent, which is a separate hazard factor later in life. ? ( qtd. Women Weigh the Pros and Cons of Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer ) . The mean age of climacteric in the United States is about 55. Womans who enter climacteric after the mean age are at twice the hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease so adult females who enter climacteric before ago of 55. Never holding a kid or holding the first kid after age of 35 would besides increase their hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Research workers from the National Cancer Society have stated that the usage of intoxicant is clearly proven to increasing hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Compared with abstainers, adult females who consume one alcoholic drink a twenty-four hours have a really little addition in hazard. Those who have two to five drinks daily are about one and a half times higher in hazard than adult females who do non imbibe intoxicant. There are many ways to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease. The earliest chest malignant neoplastic diseases found the better the opportunities for successful intervention. Every adult female should follow these guidelines whether they have a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease or non. Mammography is an X ray of the chest. This is used to happen the disease in adult females who have symptoms or do non hold any chest jobs. Every adult female who falls between the ages of 40 and 90 should take this trial yearly. The mammogram should be between 25 dollars and two hundred and 25 dollars, there are assorted organisations and adult females support groups across the state who provide referrals to low-cost or free mammography services. Clinical Breast Examinations is another manner to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease. In this test, the wellness professional examines the adult females? s chest for any alterations in form or size and so gently fells the che st. This test should be practiced every three old ages for adult females who are in the ages between 20 and thirty-nine. Another easy and cheap manner to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease is by making the chest introspection ( Library General Health Encyclopedia ) . BSE consist of analyzing the chest every month or a hebdomad after every menses period. All this methods are utile for observing chest malignant neoplastic disease before it becomes a tumour. Breakthrough in familial research have identified two cistrons which will convey hope to many adult females by conveying them consequences of life economy, early sensing and intervention. However, this trial has hazards and benefits. The thought that cistrons play a function in 1s hazard of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease is terrorizing. However, in fact, genetic sciences is one of the most exciting and advanced countries of research in chest malignant neoplastic disease today. This recent find brings hope to many adult females. Approximately 5-10 % of chest malignant neoplastic disease instances are caused by a known familial familial alteration ( Breast Cancer Genes: The BRCA1 and BRCA2 ) . The first cistron to be identified was the BRCA1, Breast Cancer Gene 1. BRCA1 was discovered in 1994 after 4 old ages of research by a squad lead by Dr. Mark Skolnick, Ph.D. , a genetic sciences and professor of the University of Utah Medical Center and Dr. Roger Wiseman of NIH ( Benjamin ) . The cistron is located in the long arm of the chromosome 17, one of the 23 braces of chromosomes found in the human cells ( BRCA1 Sequence Analysis ) . Sean V. Tavtigian stated in the article BRCA 1 cistrons and its Protein Products, that any adult females who has a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease, has a even opportunity of inheriting a flowed transcript from either parent? ( qdt. BRCA1 Gena 18 ) . Dr. Mark Skolnick noted that the cistron? BRCA 1 is over 10 times larger than the mean cistron and could be prone to many types of mutant along its? span? ( qtd. in Baron-Faust 10 ) . A adult female who inherits a faulty transcript of BRCA 1 from her female parent or male parent besides has a normal transcript of the BRCA1 on most of the instances. Equally long as one normal transcript is present, her chest malignant neoplastic disease cells function usually. However, at some clip during her life, she is really likely to endure a mutant to the staying normal cistron transcript in one or more breast cells. The rate for these cells to develop into chest malignant neoplastic disease is highly high. Harmonizing to the Policy Statement of Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer, every bit many as 90 per centum of these adult females will develop it than a adult females with? normal? cistrons. A 2nd of import cistron act uponing chest malignant neoplastic disease today is BRCA2, chest malignant neoplastic disease cistron 2. This cistron was identified in 1995 by Dr. Douglas Easton of London? s Institute of Cancer Research ( Benjamin ) . The cistron is located in the long arm of chromosome 13. Another major familial defect associated with BRAC2 a tumour suppresser cistron called p53 located on the short arm of chromosome 17 ( Baron-Faust 58 ) . The? P? is used as an abbreviation for stating that is in the smallest portion of the chromosome 17. Another jobs in the cistron p53 will interfere with the production of a protein is what keeps that cells growing under control. Defects in p53 are believed to be among the most common familial defect in chest malignant neoplastic disease. A individual can be born with a faulty cistron or the cistron can go damaged thought the persons life. Almost 50 per centum of all worlds? malignant neoplastic disease cells contain a p53 mutant. An congenital defect in the p53 cistron occurs in households with the rare upset called? Li-Fraumen-Syndrom? , which causes an familial susceptibleness of early malignant neoplastic diseases, including chest malignant neoplastic disease ( Benjamin ) . Since p53 is so of import for normal cell growing in human research workers are go oning to look for ways to name, prevent and dainty malignant neoplastic disease associated with p53 ( American Cancer Society ) . It is know that BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumour suppresser cistrons, which map to forestall phase of tumour development. Mutants in these cistrons merely appear in a few familial tumours, and are seldom in malignant neoplastic diseases or in normal tissues. The trial called? bracanalysis? , can observe those familial defects in a adult females with a strong household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease. The trial consists of a individual blood trial. This trial does non name malignant neoplastic disease nor will it foretell if or when malignant neoplastic disease will develop. The bracanalysis looks for a specific mutant on the cistrons BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women with a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease are more likely to seek familial proving if they believe in the benefits. ? The trial cost between four hundred dollars and two thousand four hundred dollars depending on the type of trial needed, and takes about a hebdomad to obtain the consequences? ( Policy Statement of Genetic Testing of Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer in Women ) . Everyone is eligible to take the bracanalysis trial, nevertheless, some should take it in history more that others. Harmonizing to the National Cancer Society any adult females who fall into any of this classs should take in history of taking the trial. *Any adult females who has a personal history of chest malignant neoplastic disease. *Any adult females who have/had two or more close relations with chest malignant neoplastic disease. *Any adult females who have/had a comparative with chest malignant neoplastic disease at an early age. *Any adult females who have/had a comparative with bilateral ( both sides ) chest malignant neoplastic disease *Any adult females who has a form of chest malignant neoplastic disease in more than one coevals of their household. Any adult female who takes the trial will be faced with plentifulness of hazards. Marin Penalist and oncologist and a chest specializer said, ? If you have the trial done it comes up with a positive, it becomes a catastrophe? you? ll neer acquire medical insurance again. ? ( qtd. in Jacobson ) . There are opportunities that after taking the trial the adult females may endure favoritism, from insures, such as wellness, life, and disablement and from employers. A adult female may besides endure from psychological hurt. Mildred Cho, Ph.D. , helper professor at Penn? s centre for bioethics, said that? one of the grounds for this limited sum of information? ? ? is the trouble of acquiring informations about the public presentation of the trial detect late-onset conditions? ( qtd in Randolph 2 ) . Another thing Cho stated was that for this trial to come out accurate at that place will hold to be a batch of clip and research invested, and the development of this trial has non been around fo r that long. One of the Major hazard a adult females? s pickings is that is the consequences come out positive she will hold to populate with this for the remainder of her life. Taking this trial will besides provide that individual with benefits. The adult female has the opportunity of happening out if she will develop chest malignant neoplastic disease or non ( kelly 4 ) . For illustration, if a adult female has a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease the most appropriate thing to make from halting malignant neoplastic disease to harm her is by taking both chests. Now with the bacanalysis trial the adult females have a opportunity to cognize if she should take her chest or non. The Cancer hazard and Assessment and Counseling Report stated that three hundred and twenty four adult females who had household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease decided to take their chests and merely 25 developed chest malignant neoplastic disease. At least 40 and as one hundred chest malignant neoplastic disease would hold been expected. Any adult females who takes the trial and gets positive will be obligated to go to guidance for at least six mont hs or one twelvemonth. Counseling that outlines the benefits of familial testing for chest malignant neoplastic disease may be an of import tool for forestalling the disease ( kelly 2 ) . Even in the absence of familial proving malignant neoplastic disease hazard and appraisal is recommended for persons with a household history of malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer hazard reding includes: ? Obtaining elaborate household, medical, and life manners ? Documenting cancer- related diagnosings ? Constructing and analysing household history ? Supplying hazard appraisal and guidance ? Discoursing options for early sensing and bar ? Discoursing hazard and benefits of cistron proving Today there is no remedy for chest malignant neoplastic disease, but the ability to make the right process will minimise the menaces breast malignant neoplastic disease had upon adult females. Today there are plentifulness of topographic points a adult female could seek aid and intervention. There are non any grounds why the chest malignant neoplastic disease should non be detected early. If every adult females follows up the process of BSE, takes the mammography yearly and takes in history that chest malignant neoplastic disease is a really serious disease, chest malignant neoplastic disease would non hold such a strong influence among Ame rican adult females today Familial Testing for Breast Cancer Breast Cancer touches each of our lives in someway. Almost everyone knows person who has been touched by it, and many of us live in fright of what it will make to us personally. Breast malignant neoplastic disease has been around of all time since I can retrieve ; it has affected my grandma and my female parent. Unfortunately my female parent was non able to contend this awful disease and died when I was merely 16. These were really difficult times for me, and of all time since so, my life has neer been the same. I neer knew how painful this disease could be for the person every bit good as for the household, by conveying agony and opening lesions that neer heal. Harmonizing to the National Women Health Information Center, chest malignant neoplastic disease is the most normally diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease and the 2nd prima cause of malignant neoplastic disease decease in American adult females today. The Health Technology Advisory Committee, estimates that there will be ap proximately 175,000 new instances of invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease this twelvemonth among adult females in the United States and there will be an norm of 43,300 adult females deceasing from this disease yearly. Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the most common type of malignant neoplastic disease among adult females, with about one in nine adult females developing the disease in her life-time ( National Cancer society. ) Although chest malignant neoplastic disease is known to impact adult females, it besides can be every bit lay waste toing to work forces. Male chest malignant neoplastic disease histories for one per centum of all diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease. Breast Cancer is disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the chest. These cancerous cells continue to turn and finally organize into lumps known as a tumour. A tumour is a mass of new tissue growing that is unresponsive to normal controls of the organisation influence of next tissues ; has no utile physiological map ( Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia 19:330 ) . The are two sort of tumours found in a adult females chest ; a benign and a malignant tumour. A benign tumour by and large grows easy and does non distribute to any portion of the organic structure. On the other manus, a malignant tumour is really unsafe. This tumour kills unless treated, because of its invasive and metastatic features. Every adult female is at hazard of obtaining Breast Cancer, nevertheless, some are at higher hazard than others. Simply being a adult female is the chief hazard factor for developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease can impact work forces, but this disease is about one hundred times more common among adult females. A adult females? s hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease increases with age. About 77 per centum of adult females with chest malignant neoplastic disease are over age 50 at the clip of diagnosing. Womans aged between 20 and 39 history for merely zero three per centum of chest malignant neoplastic disease instances ( TNCI ) . A chart from the National Cancer Institute illustrated that a adult female by that age of 30 is one out of two thousand five 100s and 20 at hazard of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease. The chart besides illustrated that a adult female by the age of eight her hazards of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease addition by one out of 10. Research has showed that those adult females, who have a personal history of chest malignant neoplastic disease, are five to six times at greater hazard of acquiring the disease than those who don? Ts have a personal history ( Hirshuat 67 ) . Womans who got their menses before the age of 12 are besides at higher hazard of developing malignant neoplastic disease than those who got their menses after the age of 15. Louise Brinton, Ph.D. , head of the Environmental Studies Section at the National Cancer Institute stated that, ? Many misss who get their periods at an early age tend to be corpulent, which is a separate hazard factor later in life. ? ( qtd. Women Weigh the Pros and Cons of Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer ) . The mean age of climacteric in the United States is about 55. Womans who enter climacteric after the mean age are at twice the hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease so adult females who enter climacteric before ago of 55. Never holding a kid or holding the first kid after age of 35 would besides increase their hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Research workers from the National Cancer Society have stated that the usage of intoxicant is clearly proven to increasing hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Compared with abstainers, adult females who consume one alcoholic drink a twenty-four hours have a really little addition in hazard. Those who have two to five drinks daily are about one and a half times higher in hazard than adult females who do non imbibe intoxicant. There are many ways to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease. The earliest chest malignant neoplastic diseases found the better the opportunities for successful intervention. Every adult female should follow these guidelines whether they have a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease or non. Mammography is an X ray of the chest. This is used to happen the disease in adult females who have symptoms or do non hold any chest jobs. Every adult female who falls between the ages of 40 and 90 should take this trial yearly. The mammogram should be between 25 dollars and two hundred and 25 dollars, there are assorted organisations and adult females support groups across the state who provide referrals to low-cost or free mammography services. Clinical Breast Examinations is another manner to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease. In this test, the wellness professional examines the adult females? s chest for any alterations in form or size and so gently fells the che st. This test should be practiced every three old ages for adult females who are in the ages between 20 and thirty-nine. Another easy and cheap manner to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease is by making the chest introspection ( Library General Health Encyclopedia ) . BSE consist of analyzing the chest every month or a hebdomad after every menses period. All this methods are utile for observing chest malignant neoplastic disease before it becomes a tumour. Breakthrough in familial research have identified two cistrons which will convey hope to many adult females by conveying them consequences of life economy, early sensing and intervention. However, this trial has hazards and benefits. The thought that cistrons play a function in 1s hazard of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease is terrorizing. However, in fact, genetic sciences is one of the most exciting and advanced countries of research in chest malignant neoplastic disease today. This recent find brings hope to many adult females. Approximately 5-10 % of chest malignant neoplastic disease instances are caused by a known familial familial alteration ( Breast Cancer Genes: The BRCA1 and BRCA2 ) . The first cistron to be identified was the BRCA1, Breast Cancer Gene 1. BRCA1 was discovered in 1994 after 4 old ages of research by a squad lead by Dr. Mark Skolnick, Ph.D. , a genetic sciences and professor of the University of Utah Medical Center and Dr. Roger Wiseman of NIH ( Benjamin ) . The cistron is located in the long arm of the chromosome 17, one of the 23 braces of chromosomes found in the human cells ( BRCA1 Sequence Analysis ) . Sean V. Tavtigian stated in the article BRCA 1 cistrons and its Protein Products, that any adult females who has a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease, has a even opportunity of inheriting a flowed transcript from either parent? ( qdt. BRCA1 Gena 18 ) . Dr. Mark Skolnick noted that the cistron? BRCA 1 is over 10 times larger than the mean cistron and could be prone to many types of mutant along its? span? ( qtd. in Baron-Faust 10 ) . A adult female who inherits a faulty transcript of BRCA 1 from her female parent or male parent besides has a normal transcript of the BRCA1 on most of the instances. Equally long as one normal transcript is present, her chest malignant neoplastic disease cells function usually. However, at some clip during her life, she is really likely to endure a mutant to the staying normal cistron transcript in one or more breast cells. The rate for these cells to develop into chest malignant neoplastic disease is highly high. Harmonizing to the Policy Statement of Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer, every bit many as 90 per centum of these adult females will develop it than a adult females with? normal? cistrons. A 2nd of import cistron act uponing chest malignant neoplastic disease today is BRCA2, chest malignant neoplastic disease cistron 2. This cistron was identified in 1995 by Dr. Douglas Easton of London? s Institute of Cancer Research ( Benjamin ) . The cistron is located in the long arm of chromosome 13. Another major familial defect associated with BRAC2 a tumour suppresser cistron called p53 located on the short arm of chromosome 17 ( Baron-Faust 58 ) . The? P? is used as an abbreviation for stating that is in the smallest portion of the chromosome 17. Another jobs in the cistron p53 will interfere with the production of a protein is what keeps that cells growing under control. Defects in p53 are believed to be among the most common familial defect in chest malignant neoplastic disease. A individual can be born with a faulty cistron or the cistron can go damaged thought the persons life. Almost 50 per centum of all worlds? malignant neoplastic disease cells contain a p53 mutant. An congenital defect in the p53 cistron occurs in households with the rare upset called? Li-Fraumen-Syndrom? , which causes an familial susceptibleness of early malignant neoplastic diseases, including chest malignant neoplastic disease ( Benjamin ) . Since p53 is so of import for normal cell growing in human research workers are go oning to look for ways to name, prevent and dainty malignant neoplastic disease associated with p53 ( American Cancer Society ) . It is know that BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumour suppresser cistrons, which map to forestall phase of tumour development. Mutants in these cistrons merely appear in a few familial tumours, and are seldom in malignant neoplastic diseases or in normal tissues. The trial called? bracanalysis? , can observe those familial defects in a adult females with a strong household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease. The trial consists of a individual blood trial. This trial does non name malignant neoplastic disease nor will it foretell if or when malignant neoplastic disease will develop. The bracanalysis looks for a specific mutant on the cistrons BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women with a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease are more likely to seek familial proving if they believe in the benefits. ? The trial cost between four hundred dollars and two thousand four hundred dollars depending on the type of trial needed, and takes about a hebdomad to obtain the consequences? ( Policy Statement of Genetic Testing of Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer in Women ) . Everyone is eligible to take the bracanalysis trial, nevertheless, some should take it in history more that others. Harmonizing to the National Cancer Society any adult females who fall into any of this classs should take in history of taking the trial. *Any adult females who has a personal history of chest malignant neoplastic disease. *Any adult females who have/had two or more close relations with chest malignant neoplastic disease. *Any adult females who have/had a comparative with chest malignant neoplastic disease at an early age. *Any adult females who have/had a comparative with bilateral ( both sides ) chest malignant neoplastic disease *Any adult females who has a form of chest malignant neoplastic disease in more than one coevals of their household. Any adult female who takes the trial will be faced with plentifulness of hazards. Marin Penalist and oncologist and a chest specializer said, ? If you have the trial done it comes up with a positive, it becomes a catastrophe? you? ll neer acquire medical insurance again. ? ( qtd. in Jacobson ) . There are opportunities that after taking the trial the adult females may endure favoritism, from insures, such as wellness, life, and disablement and from employers. A adult female may besides endure from psychological hurt. Mildred Cho, Ph.D. , helper professor at Penn? s centre for bioethics, said that? one of the grounds for this limited sum of information? ? ? is the trouble of acquiring informations about the public presentation of the trial detect late-onset conditions? ( qtd in Randolph 2 ) . Another thing Cho stated was that for this trial to come out accurate at that place will hold to be a batch of clip and research invested, and the development of this trial has non been around fo r that long. One of the Major hazard a adult females? s pickings is that is the consequences come out positive she will hold to populate with this for the remainder of her life. Taking this trial will besides provide that individual with benefits. The adult female has the opportunity of happening out if she will develop chest malignant neoplastic disease or non ( kelly 4 ) . For illustration, if a adult female has a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease the most appropriate thing to make from halting malignant neoplastic disease to harm her is by taking both chests. Now with the bacanalysis trial the adult females have a opportunity to cognize if she should take her chest or non. The Cancer hazard and Assessment and Counseling Report stated that three hundred and twenty four adult females who had household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease decided to take their chests and merely 25 developed chest malignant neoplastic disease. At least 40 and as one hundred chest malignant neoplastic disease would hold been expected. Any adult females who takes the trial and gets positive will be obligated to go to guidance for at least six mont hs or one twelvemonth. Counseling that outlines the benefits of familial testing for chest malignant neoplastic disease may be an of import tool for forestalling the disease ( kelly 2 ) . Even in the absence of familial proving malignant neoplastic disease hazard and appraisal is recommended for persons with a household history of malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer hazard reding includes: ? Obtaining elaborate household, medical, and life manners ? Documenting cancer- related diagnosings ? Constructing and analysing household history ? Supplying hazard appraisal and guidance ? Discoursing options for early sensing and bar ? Discoursing hazard and benefits of cistron proving Today there is no remedy for chest malignant neoplastic disease, but the ability to make the right process will minimise the menaces breast malignant neoplastic disease had upon adult females. Today there are plentifulness of topographic points a adult female could seek aid and intervention. There are non any grounds why the chest malignant neoplastic disease should non be detected early. If every adult females follows up the process of BSE, takes the mammography yearly and takes in history that chest malignant neoplastic disease is a really serious disease, chest malignant neoplastic disease would non hold such a strong influence among American adult females today

The Transition of Russia to Capitalism

The Transition of Russia to Capitalism Russia, in an attempt to end communism and adopt capitalism, engaged herself in a number of reforms after the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or the Soviet Union). Beginning late 1980s, the new nation started massive economic reforms aimed at relieving the state ownership of the process of production and encouraging private and corporate ownership of the process.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Transition of Russia to Capitalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Backed by the west, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the Russian government, under Boris Yeltsin and his group of young advisors, started the Neo-Liberalism, a transition period that would see the country undergo massive privatization, liberalization and stabilization (Kosals, 2006). Nevertheless, Russia’s economy faced serious problems and failed to achieve the capitalism dream as planned, instead it fa ced rapid decline, increased corruption and reduction in vital state gains (Kosals, 2006). Scholars have identified a number of issues that faced the transition of the Russian economy to capitalism, causing the decline. Scholars state that Russia failed to achieve a dynamic capitalist economy and instead, it achieved a malevolent form of capitalism known as â€Å"crony capitalism† or â€Å"mafia capitalism† (Abdelal, 2001). The cause of the problem is based on the process of expropriation of the state assets initially controlled by the state during the Soviet Union era. A small group of people, probably less than 100, appropriated the state assets during the transition period. They were individuals with strong connection with powerful state officials and integrated into criminal groups or clans. They developed notorious oligarchs with an aim of making money through banking and trade (Guriev Rachinsky, 2005). To achieve this, they took the advantage of the poor legal f ramework developed during the transition period, which allowed them to siphon off enormous profits from the state assets and transfer them to offshore accounts (Guriev Rachinsky, 2005).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The economic advisors and policy makers behind the transition to capitalism failed to note the need for strong and effective legal frameworks for ensuring a smooth and directed transfer of state assets to private ownership (Abdelal, 2001). Russia failed to have in place effective anti-corruption laws, institutions and the will to deal with the oligarchs. It seems that both the western advisors and Yeltsin’s group of young advisors overlooked the important impact of developing a legal framework to regulate and monitor the transition (Abdelal, 2001). In turn, the oligarchs obtained huge profits through appropriation, especially by deriving gain s the state fuel and metal industries on the world markets. The primary problem was that the oligarchs made almost no investment in the country, leaving the country in a poor state of investment, even in the gas, oil and metallurgical industries that were supporting the economy (Abdelal, 2001). As a result, fuel and mineral production declined and the existing reserves increasing became depleted (Exhibit 1). Poor investment meant that exploitation of new ventures and reserves derailed (Kosals, 2006). Thirdly, the Yeltsin advisors overlooked the need for investing in the infrastructure, communication, transport and agriculture. Instead, much of the investments were in small industries such as services, catering and trade (Exhibit 2). The new capitalist enterprises were often small and unincorporated private companies that were unable to make large profits or pay high wage levels (Exhibit 3). The neoliberalism used in the transition period has also been cited as one of the major facto rs that caused the decline of the economy and failure to achieve a functional capitalism economy. In particular, the Russian government and policy makers applied neo-liberal shock therapy, where there was all shock and no therapy. In particular, price liberalization destroyed Russia’s working capital for its enterprises (Abdelal, 2001). The country also embarked on the liberalization of the administration-command system by dismantling it, but this only deprived investment finance while restrictive financial policies increased the cost of credit and over-valuation of the exchange rate.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Transition of Russia to Capitalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cheap imports were excessive in the Russian market because of the freeing of international trade, while lack of legal regulation of privatization allowed criminals to expropriate the valuable state assets (Abdelal, 2001). Who is to blame for Russia’s failed transition? In fact, a number of forces are to blame for the problems facing Russia’s transition to capitalism and the detrimental consequences on the economy and social system. First, Russia’s history is partly to blame, considering the complexity of the communist system between 1917 and 1989, where the Soviet Union controlled and owned the process of production (Abdelal, 2001). State corporations had been the key to economic development, which achieved its peak during the mid-20th century. In addition, the previous regimes (before the collapse of the USSR) concentrated more on military expenditure, especially during the cold war. The military consumed huge percentages of the nation’s budget, with the state of Russia being the major financier of the budget. The country was deprived of capital for investment as well as social development because the military and foreign affairs were more important to the cold war USSR than other sectors of the economy. Thus, it was necessary to ensure that these forces were controlled and dismantled before privatization. An in-depth analysis of the situation in Russia during the transition may indicate that the Yeltsin government is to blame for its lack of vision and ability to tackle the social and historical problems before embarking on rapid transition process. For instance, the regime failed to implement and institute effective legal frameworks for controlling and regulating the process of privatization (Abdelal, 2001). Had the country embarked on the effective legal system, the oligarchs would have lacked the opportunity to embezzle the country’s finances.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yeltsin’s advisors, especially the group of young economists and political scientists hired by the presidency to oversee the transition process, failed to note the need for a slow but effective transfer of the economy from state control to private ownership (Abdelal, 2001). They believed in a rapid and haste transition, probably aiming to copy the west, without noting the negative impacts of rapid loss of state control of the transition process. In fact, critics of neo-liberalism have shown the differences between Russia and other formerly socialist/communist nations like China, Uzbekistan and Vietnam. These states embarked on a slow but effective process governed by law and retaining state strong state control of the market system during their transition periods. In addition, countries such as China used restrictive laws to preside over a dynamic transition based on a dynamic growth based on investments in infrastructure, manufacturing, education, health, mining, technology and processing industries (Exhibit 4). Thus, Russia’s inability to take such steps failed the transition process, eventually destroying the once vibrant economy. Moreover, Yeltsin’s lack of involvement of all the state organs such as the legislature and the continued allocation of huge sums of money to the military after the collapse of the Soviet Union contributed to the failures in the economic transition process. For example, Yeltsin’s government sought to structure the government while also undertaking the rapid transition system (Kosals, 2006). Politics inferred with the economic reforms during the period, especially after Yeltsin announced rapid reforms in the legislature, including a snap parliamentary election after dissolving the legislature. There massive protests as most parliamentarians objected the move and refused to leave the parliament buildings, but Yeltsin used the military to remove them. After these events, the political will to oversee a smo oth and effective transition failed greatly because the presidency was not willing to involve the legislature, which made it difficult to enact and implement effective laws to reduce the impact of the oligarchs (Kosals, 2006). The government further failed to impose hard budget constraints on several traditional enterprises while also failing to provide both direct and indirect credits as well as subsidies to the companies facing collapse. Years after the collapse of the communist union, the state bodies, especially at the local and regional levels, have continued to place bureaucratic limitations permitting such issues as private land ownership and agreements for shared resource exploitation (Kosals, 2006). Moreover, the government is yet to show significance commitment to encourage the establishment of the rule of law in order to secure property rights, trade contracts and reduce the degree of corruption. What should be done? To reverse the effects of the shock therapy and the fai led transition, Russia should embark on a new system governed by the rule of law. First, it must enact and implement strong and effective anti-corruption laws in order to secure the economy from distractors such as economic cartels that own the production process. Such laws should be used to control the private ownership of corporations and control of major economic sectors. Secondly, laws should be put in place to ensure investment in importance economic sectors such as banking, oil, metallurgic, communication, transport mining and processing industry. Infrastructure development must be given priority in the national budget in order to encourage large-scale investments while also cutting the amounts of resources spent on military expenditure (Kosals, 2006). In addition, the government must reduce the reliance on traditional enterprises and encourage foreign direct investment while also reducing the entry of cheap products from foreign markets in order to save the local industries f rom excessive losses. Bailing out of the loss-making corporations should further be enhanced in order to prevent economic crisis. Appendix Figure 1: Key economic indicators in the transition-era Russia Figure 2: The collapsing rate of investment during the transition period Figure 3: The increasing rate of unemployment during the transition era Figure 4: Russia’s GDP trend during the transition References Abdelal, R. E. (2001). Russia: The end of a time of troubles? Harvard, MA: Harvard Business School. Burawoy, M. (2002). Transition without transformation: Russia’s involutionary road to capitalism. Locating Capitalism in Time and Space: Global Restructurings, Politics and Identity, 269-90. Guriev, S., Rachinsky, A. (2005). The role of oligarchs in Russian capitalism. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1), 131-150. Kosals, L. (2006). Interim outcome of the Russian transition: clan capitalism. Kyoto Institute of Economic Research Working Paper, 610.

Proposal (How to increase organ donating in the United States) Essay

Proposal (How to increase organ donating in the United States) - Essay Example In 2005, 7,593 deceased donors provided 21,215 organs for transplantation, and there were 6,896 living donors. But this growth lags far behind the increasing need, as approximately 40,000 individuals are added to the U.S. transplant waiting list each year, with a net increase of about 6,000 people over the prior year. At the start of 2006, more than 90,000 people were waiting to receive organs." (News) There is a wide figurative gap between availability of organs and the number of patients waiting for them. If not given immediate attention, human mortality will reach to even higher summit and still rising. A number of proposals have been put forward to dramatically increase organ and tissue donation in the United States. One proposal has been to provide financial incentives to donors or their families. Another proposal to increase rates of organ and tissue donation is presumed consent. This is "an opt-out system in which everyone is considered to be a donor unless they take appropriate steps to declare themselves a nondonor." (Gallup Organization, 2005). Counteracting misinformation through public education is also one of the suggested options. Mandated choice also offers "an alternative to obtaining consent from the family by returning control to the individual. This plan would require all adults to record their wishes about posthumous organ donation and would consider those wish es binding." (Spital, 1996). As mentioned by James F. Childress, John Allen Hollingsworth Professor of Ethics, professor of medical education, and director, Institute for Practical Ethics and Public Life, University of Virginia, Charlottesville in the News of Institute of Medicine of the National Academies last May 2, 2006, the "best approaches are to pursue ways to increase donations based on circulatory determination of death, to enhance public education about the value of organ donation, to increase opportunities for people to opt in, and to sustain quality improvements in the organ donation system." These mentioned approaches are the result of government's examination of a wide range of proposals to increase rates of organ donation. Surely, the mentioned approaches will dramatically increase the figure of organ donation, in short term basis. This therefore, does not guarantee a steady and effective supply of organs in the long run. Most organs come from deceased donors whose deaths were clinically found to be neurologic-"irreversible loss of activity in the brain, including in the brain stem" (News) and circulatory-"irreversible loss of heart function that leads to permanent cessation of blood circulation" (News) and therefore eligible for the cause. Circulatory determination of death still has to consider and evaluate the ethical implications of deceased organ donation. On the other hand, increasing opportunities for people to opt in may work. People are now considering their organs to be donated. In a 2005 National Public Opinion Survey on Organ Donation, this was manifested when 52.7% of Americans have granted permission for donation of organs or tissues on a driver's license or an organ donor card. The statistics represents "a significant increase since 1993 when only 28% had granted permission for donation on a driver's license or an organ donor card" (Gallup Organization, 2005), and yet this number does

Health Education Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Education - Case Study Example It greatly depends on the perception people have on a situation and their actual ability to handle and cope with such situations. Stress can cause marginal and severe health related problems, and ultimately death in extreme cases. Although most stress management techniques and tools have previously shown positive impacts on minimizing stress, there only serve as guidance, and therefore readers are highly advised to seek help from highly qualified health professionals in case of their stress is causing them persistent or significant unhappiness or severe stress related illness. The baseline in most cases is emotional, that is, we need emotional intelligence in order to have stable relationships (Sedgeman 47-50). Relationships are major causes of stress to many people. This is because of the nature of such relationships of bringing people of different backgrounds and various diversities. Every person has his or her own choices, beliefs, values and preferences. People in a relationship are not exceptional; they have different goals and values in such relationships. Some take it seriously others don’t. It also takes time for people in a relationship to understand one another, especially to master the traits, preferences, and views of each other in life situations. This is why relationships are sources of stress. It appears that people get attracted to one another due to the commonalities, but may be to a subconscious extent, partners are more attracted due to the differences exhibited by each other. This therefore is a source of stress in a relationship, particularly because of the growing frictions resulting from the differences. However, it is due to this growing friction that relationships grow. This is particularly why relationships are major sources of stress to many people (Allen 25-27). Most people handle relationships and stress differently. This is because of individual upbringing and past experiences either of the partners may have had in the past. Some people have adopted stress management as a broad spectrum of psychotherapies and techniques that seek to control the level of stress of a person in a relationship, especially chronic stress, often for reasons of improving their day to day functioning, and the differences in their relationships. The availability of various techniques of stress management for self help and for use by health professionals, to help people limit stress and provide optimistic feelings of putting life situations under control, as well as promote the state of general well-being, are reasons for handling stress and relationships differently. Those who are aware of such techniques find it easy to handle and manage stress, while the others find it way too difficult (Lazarus & Folkman 45-49). In an evaluation of the situation of Mary and DeWayne, the two have been dating for over two years. The partners discussed their eventual marriage, and perhaps either of the partners did not take it that serious, as seen at the later stage of the relationship. Mary practically took this very serious and her whole world centers on DeWayne. She takes her time thinking about DeWayne constantly; however, DeWayne is less interested in the whole affair. This is evident from several broken dates with work excuses. DeWayne lacked respect for the feelings of Mary; this came out on an occasion when Mary spotted him strolling into a restaurant with another woman. DeWayne was supposedly studying on this particular occasion. To

How the internet has changed world culture Essay

How the internet has changed world culture - Essay Example The widespread use of the Internet has resulted in a virtual shrinking of the world that has led to the speculation of the concept of the world collapsing into a single Global Village. This leaves us with the strong possibility of the evolving of a new world culture at the detriment of the existing wide varieties of cultures around the world. Many of the cultures around the world are grounded in the religions practised in the surroundings. These religions have come down the ages and provide instil strong moral flavors to the cultures. Some of these morals may appear orthodox and out of sync with the modern world. Yet, they provide the moral fibers in most of the cultures worldwide. From the perspective of these moral fibers ingrained in the many cultures, the Internet appear â€Å"1000 times more dangerous than the television†, making it the â€Å"the world’s leading cause of temptation†, â€Å"a deadly poison which burns the souls†, as it incites and encourages sin and abomination of the worst kind (Singh 2009, p.46). In other words the influence of the Internet on world culture is to tear apart the moral fibers ingrained in it through moral pollution of the world culture (1). This criticism of the negative influence of the Internet on world culture stems from the innumerable pages of written and visual pages present in it. For instance, pornographic sites abound in the Internet, providing hours of questionable viewing to any user of the Internet, irrespective of age and gender. The Internet has made it possible for the emergence and proliferation of virtual communities or groups built around specialized interests, themes or cultural identities. Members of these virtual communities or groups tend to devout their time and attention more on these virtual social groupings than the real cultural groups that they belong to. A consequence of this is the fragmentation of cultures around the world, or in

British Legal Framework For Construction Health and Safety

British Legal Framework For Construction Health and Safety In 1974 in Great Britain, the parliament adopted the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA) which became the major piece of legislation at work for health and safety matters in the country. This Act was adopted for all industries including construction. Its aims were to provide the main principles and duties to employers, employees and all the participant of the work activity in general (St John Holt, 2005). Then, the European Union (EU) imposed new directives to its members on health and safety issues. The legal framework in Great Britain changed and new acts and directive had been adopted by the parliament setting up a hierarchy of component in the legal system (Howarth Watson, 2009): European Union regulations and directives: all the members of EU are subject to European legislation UK statutory law: acts of parliament HSWA 1974 is the principal act in the UK Statutory instrument: regulations to develop and detail specific duties and requirement concerning health and safety law in the UK Approved Codes of Practice: practical guidance for compliance with health and safety regulations Since 1974, the HSWA had been supported and supplemented by several statutory instruments and regulations (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004). Following the framework directives of the EU aiming to improve health and safety for workers at work, the Management of the Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 and then 1999 (MHSW) came to provide additional elements to the HSWA. Other daughter regulations had been adopted to implement this act on specific construction related areas (Fewings, 2005). Some examples of these new regulations (St John Holt, 2005; Fewings, 2005): MHSW Management of the Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992/1999 CHSW Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996/2000 PUWER Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 LOLER Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 CSHHR Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 MHOR Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 CDM Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994/2007 The HSWA first objectives were to impose duties on the stakeholders involved in the work activity related to the safeguarding of health and safety standards. The key duties were places on employers toward employees, on employers towards people other than employees, on people in control of premises, on designer, manufacturers, suppliers and plant installer for the safety of their products, on every employees and more generally on everybody concerned by work activity (Howarth Watson, 2009). The responsibility for enforcing these act and regulations is taken by the Health and Safety Commission (HSC) which is appointed by the government to develop policies on its behalf. Its executive arm, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is in charge of the enforcement. It controls and advise the companies in the applications of the regulations (St John Holt, 2005). The HSC and HSE are also responsible of recording and monitoring construction industry health and safety statistics in Great Britain. Injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences are then considered with numbers and corrective actions can be made (Howarth Watson, 2009). Construction design and management (CDM) On 6 April 2007 came into force in Great Britain the new Construction Design and Management Regulations 2007 written by the Health and Safety Commission (HSC) and approved by the Secretary of State and the Parliament. These regulations update, combine and replace the former Construction Design and Management Regulations 1994 (CDM94) and the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 (CHSW) which both needed to be reviewed and updated accordingly with the recent evolutions of the considerations towards health and safety issues in construction and after consultations of the main stakeholders of the construction industry (HSC, 2007). The CDM2007 Regulations aim to reduce construction accidents and ill health in Great Britain by encouraging the various stakeholders of the construction industry to improve in planning and managing their projects taking into consideration matters of safety and health early on in the project definition. By starting focusing on these essential points at the beginning of a project, risks can be identified and managers are able to make good decisions ahead of difficulties (Howarth Watson, 2009). In this new version of the regulations, the HSC focuses on communication and co-ordination between all the parties involved in the construction project and set up several duties for each of the different stakeholders. It also highlights that the amount of paperwork and all the bureaucracy caused by the previous version of the regulations should be reduced and the focus put on the planning and management. (HSE Website) The CDM set up obligations for clients and designers. The main obligation imposed to the client is to appoint the main stakeholders for the planning and the realisation of construction work (St John Holt, 2005). By construction work, the CDM broadly refers to the carrying out of building, civil engineering or engineering construction word (HSC, 2007). The regulations also impose duties to the central figures then appointed which are related to health, safety and occupational safety on construction project and which will be summarised later in this paper. Among the dutyholders which participate to the carrying out of the project are the Client, the Designer, the CDM-Coordinator, the Principal Contractor and the Contractors (St John Holt, 2005). The Client The Client is defined as any person for whom construction work is being carried out, whether done by external labour or in-house (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004). It can be an individual as well as a company. By this definition of the investigator of the work, the Client is the one who provides adequate funds to design and realise the work in respect of safety and health regulations imposed by the CDM and thus has a certain influence on what happens on site (St John Holt, 2005). The CDM Regulations 2007 submit the Client to several duties (Howarth Watson, 2009) (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004) (HSE, 2006): Appoint a CDM-Coordinator and a Principal Contractor Make sure that these two stakeholders and all the other the client could directly appoint are competent and have the adequate resources to mange health and safety problem associated with the project Ensure that the construction does not start until suitable welfare facilities have been provided as well as an agreeable health and safety plan Provide the CDM-Coordinator and the Designers with all the relevant information about health and safety matters related to the project Retain and make the health and safety file available to anyone who asks for it The CDM-Coordinator should be appointed as soon as possible so the Client can receive advice from him in order to appoint the other stakeholders (St John Holt, 2005). One of the important duty of the Client is to make sure that all the main figures he (it?) has to appoint are competent and have the adequate resources to deal with health and safety issues. That means the Client has to ensure that these stakeholders understand well the project, are familiar with construction techniques, are well aware of health and safety matters their risks and consequences but also that they allocate enough money and persons to do the job (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004). Maybe what they are not required ? Fraser The CDM-Coordinator The CDM-Coordinator is a person or a company appointed as early as possible by the Client in the preparation of the project. He is a key element for the prevention of risks related to health and safety as he is the main advisor of the Client and he is the guarantor of coordination and co-operation between the main figures involved in the construction process (HSC, 2007). The duties of the CDM-Coordinator imposed by the Regulations 2007 are (HSC, 2007) (Semple Fraser, 2007) (Howarth Watson, 2009): Advise the Client and other stakeholders on appointments: competence and resource availability Notify HSE about the project Coordinate planning and design work on health and safety matters Cooperate with the Principal Contractor and facilitate good communication between the stakeholders involved in the project Collect pre-construction information and prepare a pre-tender health and safety plan Prepare and update the health and safety file Supervise designers and ensure the design is prepared adequately The CDM-Coordinator is appointed only in the case of notifiable projects. That covers all the construction works which are scheduled to last more than 30 days or involve more than 500 person-days of work. A person-day is defined as one individual carrying out construction work during one normal working day (St John Holt, 2005). An important part of the CDM-Coordinators duties is to work close to designers in order to ensure they get the right information are the good moment and to supervise their work in order to figure out if they consider hazard, risks and control (WS Atkins Consultants, rev A. Gilbertson, 2004). The Designer Designers have a key role in managing health and safety on site. They are the persons or companies who can prevent risks at the source (Semple Fraser, 2007). The designer is the one who analyse site information and prepare drawings and specifications for the project. He can be an architect, a land surveyor or an engineer (HSE, 2006). For complex projects, several designers can be appointed to split the design and ensure to identify and examine all the health and safety factors that need to be addressed (WS Atkins Consultants, rev A. Gilbertson, 2004). The main duties of a designers are Eliminate hazards and reduce health and safety risks Provide all the stakeholders with information about the remaining risks that could be eliminated Ensure the client is aware of duties and that he (it?) appointed a CDM-Coordinator Update the health and safety file with all the new information concerning health and safety matters Cooperate with the CDM-Coordinator and the other designers and supply the relevant information Designers have the duty of indentifying and eliminating hazards and reduce the risks of those which cannot be eliminated (HSC, 2007) by using risk assessment methods to detect foreseeable risk and ensure the safety of workers by tackling the problem at the source. For this purpose they have to reduce de likelihood of harmful occurrences and the potential severity of harm resultant from it, limit the number of people exposed the these occurrences on site as well as and the duration and frequency of exposition (Howarth Watson, 2009). The Principal Contractor The Principal Contractor is an individual or a company appointed early in the construction process by the Client and is responsible for planning, managing and controlling health and safety on site during the construction phase of the project (HSE, 2006). The Principal Contractor is usually the main Contractor of the project. He (it?) has to ensure a good cooperation and coordination of work between the Contractors involved in the construction because of the fact they may work on the same site at the same time and then interaction between then can create unexpected hazards (HSC, 2007). The duties imposed to the Principal Contractor are (Howarth Watson, 2009) (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004) (HSE, 2006): Plan, manage and control construction phases and provide a good communication with Contractors Create and implement the health and safety plan on the base of the pre-construction plan Set up site rules Provide Contractors with all the information available concerning health and safety matters to ensure safety of their workers Ensure the availability of suitable welfare facilities at the beginning of the work and maintain it during the duration of the construction phase Check the resource availability and the competence of its (his?) appointed stakeholders Provide the workers with an induction when they arrive on site and further training and information for specific work Make the site a safe place and restrict access to people involved in the construction Consult with the workers and liaise with the CDM-Coordinator The Principal Contractor has a significant health implication when designs change or decisions are modified. The consultation process with the workers and the CDM-Coordinator permits to make everyone aware of the new updates in the construction phase plan and of the changing in managing health and safety (Semple Fraser, 2007). The Contractor The Contractor is any person or company who is in charge of the carrying out or the management of the construction work. The Contractor can also organise the work of other stakeholders who carry out the work on his (it ?) behalf (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004). The duties of the Contractor are (Howarth Watson, 2009) (HSC, 2007): Plan, manage and control own work and that of workers Check competence of workers and sub-contractors Specific training for workers Provide health and safety information to workers Make sure workers beneficiate of suitable welfare facilities Check the project is notified before starting the work Cooperate with other Contractors and with the Principal Contractor Provide any information to update the health and safety file Report any accidents, diseases and dangerous occurrences to the Principal Contractor as well as problems with the health and safety plan. Most of the time on large projects, several contractors work at the same time on the same site. In this case it is essential they cooperate with each other and follow the instructions of the Principal Contractor not to interact and create new hazards on site. The contractors should ask for the health and safety construction phase plan produced by the Principal Contractor to get all the information they need to ensure safety of their employees (HSE, 2006).

Finding Hercules in Much Ado About Nothing :: Much Ado About Nothing Essays

William Shakespeare, one of the greatest writers of all time, uses Hercules as a persona of excellence throughout his play, "Much Ado About Nothing".   Hercules, in Greek mythology, is a hero known for his strength, courage and legendary adventures.   This gives the impression that Shakespeare liked the tales of Hercules.      In order for us to understand what he meant by using Hercules' name and amount of background would need to be known. The first time Shakespeare uses Hercules name is with his character Benedick.   This takes place in Act two, Scene One: Benedick:  Ã‚   "...I would not marry her though she were endowed with all that Adam had left him before he transgress'd.   She would have made Hercules have turn'd spit, yea, and have cleft his club to make the fire too."   Shakespeare uses this to connect with the one of the tales of Hercules.   When a centaur (part man and horse) by the name of Nessus captured Deianeira, Hercules shot the centaur with a poisoned arrow.   With the centaur's dying breath he gave Deianeira a vial of his poisoned blood telling her she could use it to rekindle Hercules' love for her if it ever faded.   Hercules fell in love and married Deianeira (Hercules second wife).   One day when she felt that his love was fading, she made him a robe that was dipped in the blood of the centaur.   When Hercules received the gift from his wife he was overjoyed and put it on, almost immediately his skin started to burn and he caught on fire.   The club that is mentioned is Hercules' weapon.   Benedick says Beatrice would harm him, even if he used a weapon, he wouldn't be able to stop her, even though she may not mean any harm. Shortly after Benedick spoke of Hercules, Don Pedro mentions his name but for good use instead of the unhappy end of Hercules. Don Pedro:  Ã‚   "...I will in the interim undertake one of Hercules' labours, which is, to bring Signior Benedick and the Lady Beatrice into a mountain of affection th' one with th' other.   I would fain have it a match, and I doubt not but to fashion it if you three will but minister such assistance as I shall give you direction.

India Unity Essay

India is land of variety. There is great variety in variety of aspects. The languages, lifestyles, religions, habits, geography, climates, cultures might be different but still they unite us into an invisible frame, the frame of Indianism. Diversity is there in every aspect of India, a land that encloses 1,222,559 sq. meters of land and is home to more than one billion people. As such stats imply, there ought to be diversity, but this does not always imply that there are differences. Rather, India is a land where in spite of so much of diversity, there is still unity. Be it the joining of hands for a mission or against it, Indians have always shows great unity. There have also been instances where people have fought against each other for some reason or the other but such cases do break out in all countries, so India being a niche of such diversity can be excused for once! India won’t be India if not for this diversity. If India means Kanchivaram sadi then India also means Pashmina shawl. If India means extreme hot climate of the south India, then India also means the snow covered mountains of the north India. If India means the desert of Rajasthan then India also means the highest rainfall grounds of Assam! Such diversity is also found in the school of minds, where one stands for the motion, another stands against it. This means an added advantage, because while one is looking at the positive aspects of a side, other is hunting for the counterpart negatives. The diversity of India has a great edge over the plain unanimously joint countries! It might be speculated that is just another starry eyed optimist opinion, but then if we didn’t differ wouldn’t we be non-Indians

Free Essays on Ethics In Evangelism

A number of years ago, I enrolled in a "preacher-boys" class at a fundamentalist university in the South. The only requirement of the course was to witness to seven people every week and write a brief report on each contact. The teacher of the course- and the founder of the university- was an old-time Southern evangelist who wanted his preacher-boys to be evangelists. The teacher’s method of evangelism had three steps: tell people they are sinners, tell them about Christ, and lead them to salvation. This approach may have converted some people, but statistics would probably show that many of those conversions didn’t stick- which is one of the reasons mainline churches are not attracted to hit-and-run evangelism. Mainline churches are, however, becoming increasingly interested in practicing evangelism. The recurring question for such churches is, What kind of evangelism? In response, I would recommend a liturgical approach to evangelism, one that is based on the evangelical practices of the church in the third century. Liturgical evangelism, which is being revived in the Catholic Church, is also an evangelism that emphasizes the ethical side of the gospel. It is this kind of evangelism that will, I believe, take hold in many mainline Protestant churches. Third-century liturgical evangelism consisted of seven steps- four stages and three rites of passage. This process was designed to bring the converting person to Christ and into the church through a series of seven successively deeper commitments. These stages can be described under the headings of inquiry; rite of entrance; catechumenate; rite of election; purification and enlightenment; rites of initiation; and mystagogy. The ethical content of evangelism appeared in all seven stages. Here is how it worked: A person who evidenced interest in the gospel was brought to the pastor and elders of the church. An inquiry into or a formal presentation of the gospel took place ... Free Essays on Ethics In Evangelism Free Essays on Ethics In Evangelism A number of years ago, I enrolled in a "preacher-boys" class at a fundamentalist university in the South. The only requirement of the course was to witness to seven people every week and write a brief report on each contact. The teacher of the course- and the founder of the university- was an old-time Southern evangelist who wanted his preacher-boys to be evangelists. The teacher’s method of evangelism had three steps: tell people they are sinners, tell them about Christ, and lead them to salvation. This approach may have converted some people, but statistics would probably show that many of those conversions didn’t stick- which is one of the reasons mainline churches are not attracted to hit-and-run evangelism. Mainline churches are, however, becoming increasingly interested in practicing evangelism. The recurring question for such churches is, What kind of evangelism? In response, I would recommend a liturgical approach to evangelism, one that is based on the evangelical practices of the church in the third century. Liturgical evangelism, which is being revived in the Catholic Church, is also an evangelism that emphasizes the ethical side of the gospel. It is this kind of evangelism that will, I believe, take hold in many mainline Protestant churches. Third-century liturgical evangelism consisted of seven steps- four stages and three rites of passage. This process was designed to bring the converting person to Christ and into the church through a series of seven successively deeper commitments. These stages can be described under the headings of inquiry; rite of entrance; catechumenate; rite of election; purification and enlightenment; rites of initiation; and mystagogy. The ethical content of evangelism appeared in all seven stages. Here is how it worked: A person who evidenced interest in the gospel was brought to the pastor and elders of the church. An inquiry into or a formal presentation of the gospel took place ...

Influence of Alcohol and Drug Addiction on Political socialization in America essays

Influence of Alcohol and Drug Addiction on Political socialization in America essays Effects of Drug and Alcohol Addiction on Political Socialization in America Political Socialization is the process, by which citizens of a particular region, nation, state, city, or country develop the ways in which they develop views and beliefs about the political issues of their respective areas. This process is developed in America, through this nations citizens families, peers, the media, and their political party involvement (if any). It is the intent of this research paper to show the reader how the rise in alcohol and drug addiction has had adverse effects on this process called political socialization, in America. The paper will lead the reader through the four influences in this process and show how addiction has a negative effect upon each . The first influence in a United States citizens life is the citizens family. The ways in which the family views political issues has a big effect on the ways that the individual also views these issues. Parents teach their children about the value of participating in the political system through their example and approval. Therefore, if the family has a strong addictive, anti-social tendency towards the political factions of their society, there will be a stong tendency towards the same anti-social perspective created in their children. In The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Volume 24, number 4, Jeanette Taylor, M.A. states that, after tabulation for the families of 35 delinquent, substance-abusing (multiple problem) adolescent males, as expected, a significant, positive correlation among conduct disorder, anti-social personality disorder, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse was found for each corresponding males family. It was concluded that identifying male multip le problem youths also identifies families with a high incidence of similar problems. This information states that a families tendencies are an almost m...

Harmonization of Financial standards and reporting standards Essay

Harmonization of Financial standards and reporting standards - Essay Example In relation to this discussion, the integration of accounting practices followed by the company with that prevailing within the host country is also an important issue faced by the company in its global business practices. In order to address this issue, the phenomena of harmonization of different accounting standards and practices and emergence of a common set of accounting standards has come into lime light (Choi, Frost and Meek 1999). In this context, the paper aims to discuss the phenomena of harmonization and evolution of one common set of accounting standards in the most empirical manner. The paper intensively focuses upon financial and reporting standards and need of their harmonization. The paper also investigates the significance of different international bodies and organizations such as International Accounting Standard Board (IASB), International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), and Accounting standards Board (ASB) in the context of making the process of harmonization of reporting and accounting standards more smooth and effective (Deegan and Unerman 2011). Financial accounting and reporting standards and their needs Financial accounting can reporting standards can be considered as guidelines and direction provided by the apex regulator authorities of the country for the purpose of aligning accounting practices undertaken by individuals and business organization in maintaining their accounts and reporting the financial records in a fair manner. In relation to this, different accounting and reporting standards reflects some crucial accounting principles on the basis of which, an organization can undertake fair and effective accounting practices (Nobes 1999). As the span of and importance of business activities of different organization in an economy is quite vital, having integrity of accounting practices becomes quite essential phenomena. These standards are quite essential for the purpose of preventing misrepresentation of different account

Wilfred Owen's poem, Dulce Et Decrum Est and Tim O'Brien's The Things Research Paper

Wilfred Owen's poem, Dulce Et Decrum Est and Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried deal with two different war - Research Paper Example The main theme that dominates both works is as follows: the realities of war that soldiers on the ground experience contradicts the idealistic view of war promoted by governments / the military. Compare/contrast the approaches and strategies these writers use to explore this theme. The most painful episodes of twentieth century history are its wars. Starting with the losses of the First World War in 1914 the Second World War was even more catastrophic. Then followed the theatre of the Cold War, in which the American military intervened far and wide in the globe. Notable examples include the Korean War and the Vietnam War. The two works in discussion, Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce Et Decrum Est† and Tim O’Brien’s â€Å"The Things They Carried† talk about two of the several wars of the recent century, namely the First World War and the Vietnam War. The political context, military strategy and technological aids employed in these two wars were quite diffe rent. Yet, their human tragedy remains the same. Separated by half a century, these two conflicts reflected the global geo-political power equations of their respective times. The two authors, far from glorifying war, present the realities of it in all its gory detail. Their works clearly suggest that futility and absurdity are the captions to the phenomenon of war. This view is in opposition to government/military propaganda, which would have its population believe that war is a noble of enterprise, undertaken to promote high values such as democracy, liberty, etc. There is even the preposterous propaganda slogan that ‘War is necessary to achieve peace’. The rest of this essay will flesh out the following thesis: Far from government rhetoric of the purpose and virtue of war, up-close observations of the actual theatre of war show how despairing, absurd and tragic the event is. The poem ‘Dulce Et Decrum Est’ is the best known of Wilfred Owen’s war po etry, the opening lines of which portray the wretched travails of a soldier during the First World War: â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, / Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, / Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs/ And towards our distant rest began to trudge.† (Owen, 1917) There is a palpable atmosphere of gloom and hopelessness that faced soldiers of the First World War and Owen’s poem starkly captures this reality. The genius of Owen is his ability to create art out of this most despairing human experience. The fact that Owen himself succumbed in the war is a powerful testimony to the messages and sentiments expressed in the poem. To place it in historical context, the First World War is one of the major tragic events in twentieth century history. Referred to as the Great War, it accounted for great loss of lives and material resources. For example, the trauma suffered by soldiers is captured in these lines â€Å"In all my dreams, before my helpless sight/ he plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.† (Owen, 1917) Dulce Et Decrum Est is remarkable in its ability to move the reader. It also excels in stunning and disturbing the reader’s preconceived notions of war. So, while the shockingly graphic elements in the poem sit uncomfortably in the reader’s mind, it is a sound method for condemning the atrocities of war. Owen’s works in general, including the poem in question, also concern themselves with what he saw as â€Å"poetry's failure to render war's actualities truthfully. In the draft preface written for a projected collection of his war poetry, Owen states, "All a poet can do today is warn. That is why the true Poets must be truthful". (Cyr, p.65) This is a veiled criticism of official government portrayal of war, which largely serves a propagandistic