Project Executive Summary Example

Project executive summary example is a piece of writing designed to summarize the main points of a certain research project. The main goal of such summary is to provide a simpler explanation of the highly sophisticated texts usually used in projects. Primarily project executive summary example is utilized by managers who aim to understand the policy of the research and make the necessary amendments. Moreover, executive summaries are used to make information clear and accessible for the wide audience regardless the readers’ level of education. Finally, this one-page document describes the problem considered in the project as well as the main approaches to its solution. Drive Ace Project Executive Summary The Project Objectives The Drive Ace project started in January 2014 in Florida, USA. Its main goal is to research the main difficulties faced by driving instructors and develop a coaching course plan that will meet the needs of the customers who learn to drive. Background The impetus for the Drive Ace emergence was a row of complaints from the learner drivers as well as driving instructors to the local authorities. Customers and coaches complained about outdated methods of learning and too much focus on the driving test results. The Drive Ace is not the first-in-its-kind project, the similar one called HERMES was realized in 2007. Correspondingly, it was decided to use the experience of HERMES and design a project in the frameworks of which instructors will receive an opportunity not only to coach the learners in the classroom but also to utilize on-road as well as track training. Process The Drive Ace project is based on the leading EU projects in the driver coaching area. It aims to accomplish such important tasks in the driving industry as: less dependence on the short-term coaching methods; avoiding methods oriented on passing the driving test only; focus on the active-learning driving strategies; preparing drivers to safe solo driving; more orientation on the high levels of GDE matrix that includes such aspects as self-awareness, personality traits, emotions, and various driving-related aspects. All the above-mentioned goals were realized with the help of the following driving approaches: activating the learner driver, his/her attention, and awareness of driving process including the interaction between himself/herself and other participants of traffic; accepting the driver as the reliable person responsible for his/her behavior and actions in the traffic environment; providing the partnership with the driving instructor, in which a learner receives an opportunity of questioning and adequate feedback, the dose of encouragement, possibility of sharing expertise, and analyzing mistakes. This approach helps to develop the most suitable strategy that depends on the personality of the learner driver. Findings and Conclusions Participation in the various coaching seminars has changed the instructors attitudes and strategies toward the customers. Most of the coaches changed their teaching style in order to satisfy the needs of the learners in a full volume. It was revealed that such aspects as awareness, responsibility, and self-acceptance play a significant role in the developing reliable drivers who do not pose a threat to the traffic environment. All in all, the Drive Ace project proved the necessity of coaching, questioning, receiving feedback, and sharing experience in the driving field.

Chris Kyle The Characteristics Of An Epic Hero - 871 Words

Veterans are the most divine people in the world, but they are never truly recognized as epic heroes. When people hear the word epic hero they think of the ancient warriors of Greece, Rome, and Troy or a story about other fictional persons/ animals doing amazing things to help people. The veterans around us are the real epic heroes though. They often slip underneath the radar though because it can be hard to recognize someone who is truly humbled by their service. These epic heroes are the ones that willingly leave their families home and go overseas to fight the enemies. They put on their helmets and walk into a firefight without hesitation. These epic heroes do this in order to make sure that the good always prevails against the evil†¦show more content†¦2). At this point in time in the war, Chris Kyle showed that he is an outstanding warrior for having to fight for eight year straight and obtaining 160 kills plus the mile and a half shot. Chris Kyle’s next epic hero trait was traveling a vast setting. In the seventh paragraph, â€Å"Kyle was deployed to Kuwait and Iraq in 2003 7,262 miles from home† (Guzman pg. 27). Kyle traveled across the world in order to fight the enemy threatening America. Every time Chris was deployed he was sent to the Middle east in the most horrid places. After the intense fighting and clashing with the terrorist, rebels, and insurgents Chris would go all the way home to Texas. It was here at home that his last epic hero trait would be showed. Chris Kyle’s last epic hero characteristic is he was recognized as a national hero. There has not been a more recognized veteran than Chris Kyle: â€Å"Immediately people everywhere were recognizing him and many veterans saw him in retail stores or at the machine shops. They would thank him for his service or start an hour long conversation over how Chirs saved their lives and more† (Schmidle pg. 3). Then on the second page, â€Å"Chris Kyle was awarded one Silver Star Medal, four Bronze Star Medals with V devices, a Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal and numerous other unit and personal awards† (Schmidle pg. 32). Chris Kyle was decorated

Reflective Critique of a Significant Episodeâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1.Did you choose the technical writing field out of curiosity? 2.What were those moments like that inspired you to choose this field? 3.Can you tell us regarding any of the bigger challenges that you faced as a technical writing professional? 4.How do you feel after achieving so many accolades from the Society of Technical Communication? Do you believe there is more to achieve? 5.Can you tell us something regarding the future of Technical writing field? Answers: Introducation One of the greatest important episodes of communication I witnessed was during my involvement in the course of technical writing. The duration of the course was three months and I can categorically say that those remained the best days of my life ever. This underlying episode made an enormous influence on my life and even currently I am electrified to re-count it even over and over without tiring (Diamond Thumm, 2015). Mr. Smith believed in real-world training and not merely theoretical knowledge. Therefore, he spoke largely around his individual experience in the technical writing involvement of eighteen years. Aside from the systematic experience sharing regarding the technical writing arena, my adored faculty Mr. Smith also spoke to us on both theoretical along with practical characteristics of life. Mr. Smith continuously gave a spiritual touch to all the lectures he delivered to us (Formisano van der Eijk, 2017). My lectures materialized during nightfall time from 6:00 P.M. to 8:00 P.M each alternate day beginning Monday to Friday. This was the certified timing, however, the allocutions typically continued till 9:30 P.M. and sometimes until 10:00 P.M. Additional time was consumed as a result of Mr. Smiths commitment towards making his students a collection of respectable writers along with his appetite for teaching. Mr. Smiths technical writing expertise were accurately honorable and echoed the mastermind of his innovative mind (Hannah Lisi, 2015). We were a consignment of seven scholars who remained new to the arena of technical writing. Though as a result of Mr. Smiths panache of conveying the discourse made us feel at home (Rus, 2016). We not once felt that we were making an effort to study a new substance (He et al., 2015). My acquaintance with the theme amplified with each lecture that converted to instants of factual motivation for all of us. Progressively, I was on my way to convert to a professional technical writer educated to generate documents on international industry standards. My fellow contemporaries and I were all chunk of the 9:30 P.M. to 6:30 P.M. work life tedium. We were a diverse collection of wedded and single persons who also varied in additional factors including education, age, and historical experience along with tutoring atmosphere (Mac et al., 2014). Conceivably, it was such a multiplicity in my assemblage that ended us as Mr. Smiths desired group. My diverse social as well as academic upbringings conveyed us nearer to Mr. Smith as scholars and perchance even as Mr. Smiths God Children. Each day was new-fangled and that which took us by an enjoyable amazement (Ng, 2017). For the earliest time in my life, I was undergoing the value of expenditure on excellence time with somebody as substantial and caring as Mr. Smith. For the primary time in my life, I witnessed the authority of unqualified love throughout the process of acquaintance transmission from an Instructor to Schoolboy (Sternberg, 2014). I am conversing regarding one of such days throughout the 3 months c of my school, which transformed my lifetime forever! It was a drizzling twilight of June 2011; I was progressing in my understanding regarding the phrase Technical Writing besides whatever it would insinuate to us as specialists. Altogether we had reached the location, some of us had emanate unswervingly from workstation and some of us who were working from homebased, came straight from their respective homesteads. We were supping on my quotidian dose of scorching cup of tea while getting prepared to show up the lecture. Each week, we remained assigned fresh tasks also named as Home Work and the finest endeavor was compensated with an exceptional gift (Wainscott Longo, 2016). It was an extended weekend and I had completed my principal obligation of the program The Non-fictional Book Writing Assignment.The assignment focused on writing a trifling book of 40 pages on any topic. Individually, we had selected a dissimilar topic, as trending as cybercrime and as multifaceted as indemnification. Mr. Smith was contemplating in the lecture theater, so we hang on freestanding for him to complete and at that juncture we arrived at the classroom once he entitled us. Each time he completed performing his yoga isometrics, Mr. Smith appeared much sunnier and novice. Steadily, afterwards so voluminous allocutions, he had converted to being a course of spur for us. We were underway looking to him as somebody with self-motivated character, unrivaled technical writing know-how besides unresolved energy echelons. All of us handed in our assignments one after another and paused for the response. Mr. Smith was contented regarding my book writing effort since he was self-assured that we might do superior. One of us re-counted the schedule for that diurnal; respectively one of us was going to tang the theme Interviewing the Subject Matter Expert We were holding the interview questionnaires that we had already organized at home. I had assumed the duty of cross-examining Mr. Smith himself regarding the focus of his knowledge as far as a technical writer. The schoolroom was full with vitality when everybody overheard regarding my interview theme. All and sundry distinguished it could not catch any supplementary thought-provoking than this; we stayed going to overhear from the Monarch of Technical Writing Arena Mr. Smith. The interview commenced at about 8:15 P.M. afterwards all the conversations got over one after alternative. My queries were prepared and the responses to them transformed my life henceforth. My queries and the responses given by Mr. Smith stood as follows: 1.No. Being portion of records industry was somewhat that arose to me as a Vision. Preceding starting my individual technical writing corporate, I operated as a mechanical engineer worker with fairly a few businesses. Fascinatingly and also unwittingly, I was studying technical writing subconsciously after my involvement as an engineer. When I assert this, I am inferring to the engineering drawings sketched by me besides my classmates as engineers throughout academic along with professional life. Such sketches used to be additionally artistic relative to technical (Giggles). Captivating the choice of converting to a technical writer, remained one of my principal encounters. Throughout that period, I had contemplated for $1,000,000 loan and the same time I was betrothed to the miss of my visions (grins). Certainly, I was going to marry that same year (Anthony, Wulff Boettger, 2016). My professional as well as personal life were going to transform. When I articulated my sights regarding commencing a commercial and abandoning the job world, the greatest nervous reply that I acknowledged emerged right from my own dad. But I had by now made my verdict and it was never going to vary. Further let me remark, that it was never merely a novel commencement but an apparition that emanated to me over the ages. Not at all, it was never a pronouncement taken in the binge of doing somewhat unbelievable. I suppose, Deity had previously made schemes to convert me to a technical writer. 2.Such instants were perhaps the harshest instants of my lifespan. Such instants were occupied with eagerness, motivation and apprehension. Conceivably, the degree of encouragement was advanced than the supplementary excitements that I felt. This was accurately, why things commenced dwindling in place (Collins, Onwuegbuzie Jiao, 2014). I never even acknowledged that I was supposed to employ a Chartered Accountant who could with the filing of my taxes. I mean, I distinguished this metaphorically rather than practically. 3.Absolutely Undisputable! One of my principal encounters was interrogating a SME from UAE who never knew English (Hoots). As a mechanical engineer, I was efficacious at undertaking a bigger proportion of conjecture work. It was additionally problematic than one contemplate (Giggles again). I was unrehearsed for this condition but nevertheless, I had faith in Divinity who had by this time equipped for this in more or less manner. Consequently, once I was underway querying interrogations to the SME, he essentially replied them in a manner that I fathomed them (Carr, 2013). During that dialogue, I understood that nethermost of whatsoever we converse is through my manifestation as well as gestures ninety- alongside solitary ten percent we converse via language. 4.I have a great impression and absolutely there is surely supplementary to fix. To be additionally exact, being an unvarying applicant in the STC tournaments and acknowledgement podiums, I am investing into pitches beyond technical writing also. I am undertaking this course on film making whereby I am studying the whole ball of wax from the definition of the length of the movie to casting. It is equally thought-provoking as well as satisfying in each way to begin somewhat new each day (Boettger, 2014). 5.Absolutely. Technical documentation sector will surely last for numerous years to come. This is for the reason that humanity is ground-breaking and continuously discovers more than a single method of undertaking a specific thing. Technology along with Mechanics will endure to flourish and alteration the face of this globe. Invention of software commodities along with applications will likewise upsurge the need for technical writers who are able to document such commodities (Blythe, Lauer Curran, 2014). To this end, having asserted this, Documentation only might not alter as a necessity, but rather the approach documentation is completed might alter. Typically, operators of a specific commodity in the army or in engineering sector, continuously protest regarding reading a dense manual for the operators. Henceforward, digital content alongside electronic learning sector is increasing considerably (Biagioli Galison, 2014). Nowadays, proprietors need their respective foremen to study via viewing simulation-based videos. Such has two benefits, primarily, it set aside time of the corporation, furthermore, it saves the expenditure of contracting a coach to train the respective foremen and finally, it is calmer to have them foremen study via a module for training in the video format as well as appear for the exam to be suitable as a employee. This is the present setting of technical writing sector or technical communication sector to be increasingly exact. The fact that technical writers will constantly be in need is never going to alter, but the method they work is certainly question to alter (Arn Maci et al., 2014). Conclusion There was a celestial dynamism that streamed via respective one of us as soon as Mr. Smith began conversation. It remained as if the Almighty of Writing is speaking to us regarding the forthcoming of technical writing arena, as well as the manner in which it has shaped up to this end along with how it will influence us in the upcoming periods. I cannot ever disremember that enthralling day; it stood as if enchanted had materialized. On every occasion, I encounter somewhat kind of test, I play this conversation in my mind and subsequently feel peacefully. References Anthony, L., Wulff, S., Boettger, R. K. (2016, October). Workshop: Integrating data-driven learning into the technical writing classroom. In Professional Communication Conference (IPCC), 2016 IEEE International (pp. 1-2). IEEE. Arn Maci, E., Isohella, S., Maylath, B., Schell, T., Verzella, M., Minacori, P., ... Vandepitte, S. (2014). Enhancing students' skills in technical writing and LSP translation through tele-collaboration projects: teaching students in seven nations to manage complexity in multilateral international collaboration. In 19th European Symposium on Languages for Special Purposes (pp. 249-259). University of Vienna. Biagioli, M., Galison, P. (2014). Scientific authorship: Credit and intellectual property in science. Routledge. Blythe, S., Lauer, C., Curran, P. G. (2014). Professional and technical communication in a web 2.0 world. Technical Communication Quarterly, 23(4), 265-287. Boettger, R. K. (2014). Explicitly Teaching Five Technical Genres to English First-Language Adults in a Multi-Major Technical Writing Course. Journal of Writing Research, 6(1). Carr, J. M. (2013). Using a Collaborative Critiquing Technique To Develop Chemistry Students Technical Writing Skills. Journal of Chemical Education, 90(6), 751-754. Collins, K. M., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Jiao, Q. G. (2014). Reading ability as a predictor of African American graduate students technical writing proficiency in the context of statistics courses. The Journal of Negro Education, 83(2), 135-146. Diamond, K., Thumm, G. (2015). Rebooting a Technical Writing Course: Control Instructional Design, Alt Information Literacy, and Delete Non-Collaboration. Formisano, M., van der Eijk, P. (Eds.). (2017). Knowledge, Text and Practice in Ancient Technical Writing. Cambridge University Press. Hannah, R., Lisi, M. (2015). Technical Writing for Introductory Science CoursesProficiency Building for Majors and Non-majors. The FASEB Journal, 29(1 Supplement), 687-25. He, W., Maly, K., Wu, H., Xu, L. (2015). Nursing a scaffolding-based blogging approach to improve IT and CS undergraduate students disciplinary writing skills. Mac, E. A., Isohella, S., Maylath, B., Schell, T., Verzella, M., Minacori, P., ... Vandepitte, S. (2014). Enhancing students' skills in technical writing and LSP translation through tele-collaboration projects. Languages for Special Purposes in a Multilingual, Transcultural World. Ng, P. C. L. (2017). Promoting Problem-based Learning through Collaborative Writing. The English Teacher, 12. Rus, D. (2016). A Didactic Approach to Writing Skills in a Technical Learning Environment. Procedia Technology, 22, 1191-1196. Sternberg, R. W. (2014). The technical writing internship experience. Southeastern Louisiana University. Wainscott, S., Longo, J. A. (2016). Leading a Horse to Water: Writing Workshops for Engineering Graduate Students.

The Law of Insolvency in Australia Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Law of Insolvency in Australia. Answer: A solvent person has been defined under the provisions of the Corporations Act 2001 as a person who is capable of paying all the debts on due date. Therefore, a person who is unable to pay his debts on due date is said to be insolvent. In Australia, insolvency is used in context of companies while the bankruptcy is used for individuals. Thelaw of insolvency in Australia regulates the status of companies which are on the verge of insolvency and are incapable of paying their debts or are under monetary suffering. A company is said to have become insolvent when it has become incapable of paying its debts when its payment becomes due (Australian Securities Investments Commission, 2014). The insolvency of companies is regulated by the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). The chief objective of thelaw of insolvency is to maintain equilibrium between the interests of borrowers, creditors and public during insolvency. The law of insolvency of Australia does not considers long-term visions of an insolvent company nor does it permits return of such company into the business upon aid or through reorganization of the structure of the company (Gupta, (n.d.)). The most important sign that shows that a company is at the verge of getting insolvent is the financial suffering that a company is going through. These signs may be indicated from constant losses, degrading liquidity, payment due to creditors, no new business plans, unfinished accounts or mismanaged core accounting methods, growing liabilities, difficulties in selling of stocks and in collection of debts, unpaid creditors, summons and warrants being issued to the company, bouncing of cheques, overdraft limits being crossed, default in payment of loans or interests by the company, difficulty in getting finance, difficulty in raising funds from stakeholders, non- payment of taxes and other liabilities, growing number of complaints and queries from suppliers, etc. (Australian Securities Investment Commission, 2016). Upon getting information regarding such distress that a company is going through, the Commissioner of Taxation of Australia issues a penalty notice to the director of the c ompany for the non- paid and non- reported Pay As You Go cover-up of the company or a Superannuation Guarantee Charge sum. The company, if fails to take required measures, by seeking guidance of a professional, in a period of twenty- one days, the Commissioner is empowered to take an action for recovery against the company for a sum equal to the tax due. If the director suspects that there is financial suffering in the company, he should take guidance from accounting and legal professionals as soon as possible so as to withhold the existence of the company. An insolvency lawyer may help out in conducting a solvency review of the company and provide alternatives available to the company. The director is required to be alert regarding the alternatives available so as to make proper conclusions for the company. The alternatives that are available like refinancing, reorganizing the structure of the company, altering the activities of the company or employing an external administrator for the company (Australian Securities Investments Commission, 2014). If a company has been declared insolvent or is at the verge of getting insolvent the directors of the company become responsible towards the creditors as well as towards the shareholders of the company. It is the duty of the director to ensure that if the company has been declared insolvent, it shall not trade or carry on its business. The directors shall also keep himself informed about the financial status of the company. Further where an action has been taken against the directors for insolvent trading, it is the general presumption that the company has undergone insolvent trading if it has failed in maintaining proper financial accounts for the said period (Australian Securities Investments Commission, 2014). In case where a company is presumed to become insolvent the most important duty of the director is to not incur any debts (Australian Securities Investments Commission, 2014). Different avenues are available to the company to recapitalize it instead of putting the company under liquidation. They are restructuring which includes selling-off, spinning- off, equity carve- outs, leverage buy- outs, recapitalization, debt for equity swaps, prepacks and forbearance and creditor compromise arrangements, refinancing, and equity funding (OFlynn, n.d.). Further a company may also be put for external administration by the creditors instead of winding up the company. There are various ways by which a company may be externally administered so as to protect and increase the worth for creditors. Under these processes an independent external administrator is appointed for the purpose of managing the company and its assets. The administrator so appointed will have all the powers of a director of such company and has privilege of not being sued by the creditors or any third party. The creditors or any third party have no right to sue the company without the permissions of the administrator so appointed or without the sanction of the court (OFlynn, n.d.). The ways in which a company may be externally administered are: Receivership Under this type of external administration an independent receiver or a controller is appointed either by a secured creditor of the company or by the court for the purpose of administering the assets and the business of the company. The authority of the directors thereby gets limited during the period of for which a receiver has been appointed for the company. The receivership gets terminated when the creditors receive their due payment or when all the assets are realised or upon the order of the court (OFlynn, n.d.). Voluntary Administration Under this type of external administration a competent insolvency auditor is appointed to manage and investigate the financial transactions of the company, to make reports and recommendations to the creditors of the company, and to convene and proceed meetings of the creditors of the company. The auditor also assists the administrator in his work. By the end of the voluntary administration the creditors of the company have to decide what future direction is to be taken for the company. The future directions for the company may be: That the company be given back to the directors to continue their business; or That the company shall opt for deed of company arrangement; or That the company shall be put for liquidation (OFlynn, n.d.). Deed of Company Arrangement Under deed of company arrangement a deed of compromise is made between the creditors and the company under the administration of an independent external administrator. The purpose of the arrangement is to create a fund out of the assets of the company or by way of third party contribution for the purpose of settling the claims of the creditors of the company in final and after that the authority of the company is given back to its directors for them to carry on their business (OFlynn, n.d.). In cases of insolvency of a company the parties may intervene for the liquidation of the company. The voluntary liquidation of the company which is called creditors voluntary liquidation which is initiated by the officers and the stakeholders of the company. A liquidator is appointed for the purpose who manage the selling of assets of the company and pays off the creditors from the proceeds thereof. Another type of intervention takes place by the court which is involuntary in nature. In this type of intervention the liquidation procedure is started by the creditor of the company. A liquidator is appointed by the court for the purpose of liquidation. According to the summary analysis of June Quarterly Statistics of 2017 made by ASIC the last quarter of 2016-17 financial year indicates a raise of 28% in the companies that are seeking external administration. The total for the quarter was reduced by 3.7% since June 2016 and the percentage of companies which are seeking external administration for the quarter in relation to new incorporations is less than 4% (Australian Securities Investments Commission, 2017). Upon the declaration of a company as insolvent, the liquidator appointed thereafter investigates the transactions of the company. For the purpose of investigation the liquidator has to examine all the officers of the company and whether they have acted in compliance of their duty to act in good faith or not so as to decide whether they may be held liable for those acts which took place during the normal operation of the business. This may give an opportunity to the liquidator for financial recovery. If the liquidator finds any breach of duty on the part of the director, the former may bring action against such director for recovering damages occurred to the company (Swaab Attorneys, 2009). If the liquidator finds any breach of a commonlaw duty on the part of the director, the former may recover the damage from the directors property or the liquidator may also have right to get informed about the profits. Such director who commits a breach of a duty to take due care and act diligently will be liable for any loss occurring to the company by his act. Any breach of a duty by a director under Sections 180- 183 of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) will attract civil penalty upto a sum of $200,000 upon an application of ASIC. In case of any loss to the company due to the breach of duty by the director, the Court may order such director to pay compensation to the company. Further a criminal liability may also be imposed on a director for breach of above mentioned provisions where such breach has been caused or an information has been received or used recklessly or intentionally or dishonestly or by not exercising the authority in good faith for the interest of the company or for personal gain or so as to cause detriment to the company (Swaab Attorneys, 2009). The director may be liable under the provisions of Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) when the company has incurred debt at the time when the company was insolvent or became insolvent after incurring such debt or there were probabilities of company getting insolvent on incurring such debt and a prudent man in similar circumstances would have knowledge about the insolvency of the company. In case of breach of this provision by the director of the company, he is liable for civil penalty which will be applied by Australian Securities and Investments Commission on the director along with compensation for the creditors. Also criminal proceedings may be initiated against the director where it is found that, in addition to the conditions applicable in case of civil penalty, the director of the company while incurring the debt knew the fact that the company was insolvent or is likely to become insolvent upon incurring such debts and the director dishonestly incurred the debt (Corporation Act 2001 (C th) s 588G; Swaab Attorneys, 2009). Section 588G of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) attracts the application of Section 1317E of the said Act whereby if the court thinks that the director has violated the above mentioned provision the Court shall declare that the said provision has been contravened (under item number 6) by the director. Upon declaration being made by the Court the Australian Securities and Investments Commission will get authority to look for order of pecuniary penalty (Corporations Act 2001, (Cth) s 1317G or may disqualify the order (Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s 206C). Australian Securities Investments Commissions regulates the organisational, market and financial services in Australia. The ASIC is empowered to register accountants and liquidators for the purpose of liquidation of a company which is about to become insolvent. Further the ASIC has also power to order a company which is at the verge of insolvency or has already became insolvent to wind up. The commission has been provided with a number of tools for the purpose of investigation and enforcement under the ASIC Act and the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). The said commission has powers to initiate investigation proceedings in case of contravention of any provisions of either of the above said Acts. The Australian Restructuring Insolvency and Turnaround Association (ARITA) is another organization of Australia that provides support in cases of restructuring, insolvency and turnaround through qualified professionals (Australian Restructuring Insolvency and Turnaround Association, 2016). It can be concluded that Australia has a wide variety of official external regulatory procedures for corporations. It has been observed that what importance does each area holds for the purpose of restructuring and smooth functioning of a business organization which is about to become insolvent. Only voluntary administration is designed so as to facilitate reorganization and restructuring of the insolvent companies in Australia. Voluntary administration is a supple procedure which is cost effective. References: Australian Restructuring Insolvency and Turnaround Association, 2016, Australian Restructuring Insolvency and Turnaround Association. Available from: https://www.arita.com.au/iMIS_Prod/. [17 September 2017]. Australian Securities Investments Commission, 2014, Directors- what are my duties as a director? Available from: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-what-are-my-duties-as-a-director/. [17 September 2017]. Australian Securities Investments Commission, 2014, Directors- what happens if company insolvent, Available from: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-what-happens-if-company-insolvent/. [18 September 2017]. Australian Securities Investments Commission, 2014, Directors- what to do if company in financial difficulty, Available from: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-what-to-do-if-company-in-financial-difficulty/. [17 September 2017]. Australian Securities Investments Commission, 2014, Insolvency, Available from: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/. [17 September 2017]. Australian Securities Investments Commission, 2016, Directors- Is my company in financial difficulty? Available from: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-is-my-company-in-financial-difficulty/. [17 September 2017]. Australian Securities Investments Commission, 2017, Corporate insolvencies: June quarter 2017, Available from: https://download.asic.gov.au/media/4410590/201706-june-qtr-2017-summary-analysis.pdf. [18 September 2017]. Corporation Act 2001 (Cth). Gupta, N. n.d., Insolvency laws in Australia. Parliament of Australia. Available from: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook45p/InsolvencyLaws. [17 September 2017]. OFlynn, K. (n.d.), Restructuring and insolvency, Clayton UTZ. Available from: https://www.claytonutz.com/ArticleDocuments/501/25_RestructuringInsolvency.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y. [18 September 2017]. Swaab Attorneys, 2009, Australia: An introduction to insolvency law- part one, Mondaq, Available from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/79816/Insolvency+Bankruptcy/An+Introduction+To+Insolvency+Law+Part+One. [18 September 2017].

Breast Cancer Essay Research Paper Genetic Testing free essay sample

Breast Cancer Essay, Research Paper Familial Testing for Breast Cancer Breast Cancer touches each of our lives in someway. Almost everyone knows person who has been touched by it, and many of us live in fright of what it will make to us personally. Breast malignant neoplastic disease has been around of all time since I can retrieve ; it has affected my grandma and my female parent. Unfortunately my female parent was non able to contend this awful disease and died when I was merely 16. These were really difficult times for me, and of all time since so, my life has neer been the same. I neer knew how painful this disease could be for the person every bit good as for the household, by conveying agony and opening lesions that neer heal. Harmonizing to the National Women Health Information Center, chest malignant neoplastic disease is the most normally diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease and the 2nd prima cause of malignant neoplastic disease decease in American adult females today. We will write a custom essay sample on Breast Cancer Essay Research Paper Genetic Testing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Health Technology Advisory Committee, estimates that there will be approximately 175,000 new instances of invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease this twelvemonth among adult females in the United States and there will be an norm of 43,300 adult females deceasing from this disease yearly. Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the most common type of malignant neoplastic disease among adult females, with about one in nine adult females developing the disease in her life-time ( National Cancer society. ) Although chest malignant neoplastic disease is known to impact adult females, it besides can be every bit lay waste toing to work forces. Male chest malignant neoplastic disease histories for one per centum of all diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease. Breast Cancer is disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the chest. These cancerous cells continue to turn and finally organize into lumps known as a tumour. A tumour is a mass of new tissue growing that is unresponsive to normal controls of the organisation influence of next tissues ; has no utile physiological map ( Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia 19:330 ) . The are two sort of tumours found in a adult females chest ; a benign and a malignant tumour. A benign tumour by and large grows easy and does non distribute to any portion of the organic structure. On the other manus, a malignant tumour is really unsafe. This tumour kills unless treated, because of its invasive and metastatic features. Every adult female is at hazard of obtaining Breast Cancer, nevertheless, some are at higher hazard than others. Simply being a adult female is the chief hazard factor for developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease can impact work forces, but this disease is about one hundred times more common among adult females. A adult females? s hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease increases with age. About 77 per centum of adult females with chest malignant neoplastic disease are over age 50 at the clip of diagnosing. Womans aged between 20 and 39 history for merely zero three per centum of chest malignant neoplastic disease instances ( TNCI ) . A chart from the National Cancer Institute illustrated that a adult female by that age of 30 is one out of two thousand five 100s and 20 at hazard of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease. The chart besides illustrated that a adult female by the age of eight her hazards of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease addition by one out of 10. Research has showed that those adult females, who have a personal history of chest malignant neoplastic disease, are five to six times at greater hazard of acquiring the disease than those who don? Ts have a personal history ( Hirshuat 67 ) . Womans who got their menses before the age of 12 are besides at higher hazard of developing malignant neoplastic disease than those who got their menses after the age of 15. Louise Brinton, Ph.D. , head of the Environmental Studies Section at the National Cancer Institute stated that, ? Many misss who get their periods at an early age tend to be corpulent, which is a separate hazard factor later in life. ? ( qtd. Women Weigh the Pros and Cons of Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer ) . The mean age of climacteric in the United States is about 55. Womans who enter climacteric after the mean age are at twice the hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease so adult females who enter climacteric before ago of 55. Never holding a kid or holding the first kid after age of 35 would besides increase their hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Research workers from the National Cancer Society have stated that the usage of intoxicant is clearly proven to increasing hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Compared with abstainers, adult females who consume one alcoholic drink a twenty-four hours have a really little addition in hazard. Those who have two to five drinks daily are about one and a half times higher in hazard than adult females who do non imbibe intoxicant. There are many ways to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease. The earliest chest malignant neoplastic diseases found the better the opportunities for successful intervention. Every adult female should follow these guidelines whether they have a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease or non. Mammography is an X ray of the chest. This is used to happen the disease in adult females who have symptoms or do non hold any chest jobs. Every adult female who falls between the ages of 40 and 90 should take this trial yearly. The mammogram should be between 25 dollars and two hundred and 25 dollars, there are assorted organisations and adult females support groups across the state who provide referrals to low-cost or free mammography services. Clinical Breast Examinations is another manner to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease. In this test, the wellness professional examines the adult females? s chest for any alterations in form or size and so gently fells the che st. This test should be practiced every three old ages for adult females who are in the ages between 20 and thirty-nine. Another easy and cheap manner to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease is by making the chest introspection ( Library General Health Encyclopedia ) . BSE consist of analyzing the chest every month or a hebdomad after every menses period. All this methods are utile for observing chest malignant neoplastic disease before it becomes a tumour. Breakthrough in familial research have identified two cistrons which will convey hope to many adult females by conveying them consequences of life economy, early sensing and intervention. However, this trial has hazards and benefits. The thought that cistrons play a function in 1s hazard of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease is terrorizing. However, in fact, genetic sciences is one of the most exciting and advanced countries of research in chest malignant neoplastic disease today. This recent find brings hope to many adult females. Approximately 5-10 % of chest malignant neoplastic disease instances are caused by a known familial familial alteration ( Breast Cancer Genes: The BRCA1 and BRCA2 ) . The first cistron to be identified was the BRCA1, Breast Cancer Gene 1. BRCA1 was discovered in 1994 after 4 old ages of research by a squad lead by Dr. Mark Skolnick, Ph.D. , a genetic sciences and professor of the University of Utah Medical Center and Dr. Roger Wiseman of NIH ( Benjamin ) . The cistron is located in the long arm of the chromosome 17, one of the 23 braces of chromosomes found in the human cells ( BRCA1 Sequence Analysis ) . Sean V. Tavtigian stated in the article BRCA 1 cistrons and its Protein Products, that any adult females who has a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease, has a even opportunity of inheriting a flowed transcript from either parent? ( qdt. BRCA1 Gena 18 ) . Dr. Mark Skolnick noted that the cistron? BRCA 1 is over 10 times larger than the mean cistron and could be prone to many types of mutant along its? span? ( qtd. in Baron-Faust 10 ) . A adult female who inherits a faulty transcript of BRCA 1 from her female parent or male parent besides has a normal transcript of the BRCA1 on most of the instances. Equally long as one normal transcript is present, her chest malignant neoplastic disease cells function usually. However, at some clip during her life, she is really likely to endure a mutant to the staying normal cistron transcript in one or more breast cells. The rate for these cells to develop into chest malignant neoplastic disease is highly high. Harmonizing to the Policy Statement of Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer, every bit many as 90 per centum of these adult females will develop it than a adult females with? normal? cistrons. A 2nd of import cistron act uponing chest malignant neoplastic disease today is BRCA2, chest malignant neoplastic disease cistron 2. This cistron was identified in 1995 by Dr. Douglas Easton of London? s Institute of Cancer Research ( Benjamin ) . The cistron is located in the long arm of chromosome 13. Another major familial defect associated with BRAC2 a tumour suppresser cistron called p53 located on the short arm of chromosome 17 ( Baron-Faust 58 ) . The? P? is used as an abbreviation for stating that is in the smallest portion of the chromosome 17. Another jobs in the cistron p53 will interfere with the production of a protein is what keeps that cells growing under control. Defects in p53 are believed to be among the most common familial defect in chest malignant neoplastic disease. A individual can be born with a faulty cistron or the cistron can go damaged thought the persons life. Almost 50 per centum of all worlds? malignant neoplastic disease cells contain a p53 mutant. An congenital defect in the p53 cistron occurs in households with the rare upset called? Li-Fraumen-Syndrom? , which causes an familial susceptibleness of early malignant neoplastic diseases, including chest malignant neoplastic disease ( Benjamin ) . Since p53 is so of import for normal cell growing in human research workers are go oning to look for ways to name, prevent and dainty malignant neoplastic disease associated with p53 ( American Cancer Society ) . It is know that BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumour suppresser cistrons, which map to forestall phase of tumour development. Mutants in these cistrons merely appear in a few familial tumours, and are seldom in malignant neoplastic diseases or in normal tissues. The trial called? bracanalysis? , can observe those familial defects in a adult females with a strong household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease. The trial consists of a individual blood trial. This trial does non name malignant neoplastic disease nor will it foretell if or when malignant neoplastic disease will develop. The bracanalysis looks for a specific mutant on the cistrons BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women with a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease are more likely to seek familial proving if they believe in the benefits. ? The trial cost between four hundred dollars and two thousand four hundred dollars depending on the type of trial needed, and takes about a hebdomad to obtain the consequences? ( Policy Statement of Genetic Testing of Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer in Women ) . Everyone is eligible to take the bracanalysis trial, nevertheless, some should take it in history more that others. Harmonizing to the National Cancer Society any adult females who fall into any of this classs should take in history of taking the trial. *Any adult females who has a personal history of chest malignant neoplastic disease. *Any adult females who have/had two or more close relations with chest malignant neoplastic disease. *Any adult females who have/had a comparative with chest malignant neoplastic disease at an early age. *Any adult females who have/had a comparative with bilateral ( both sides ) chest malignant neoplastic disease *Any adult females who has a form of chest malignant neoplastic disease in more than one coevals of their household. Any adult female who takes the trial will be faced with plentifulness of hazards. Marin Penalist and oncologist and a chest specializer said, ? If you have the trial done it comes up with a positive, it becomes a catastrophe? you? ll neer acquire medical insurance again. ? ( qtd. in Jacobson ) . There are opportunities that after taking the trial the adult females may endure favoritism, from insures, such as wellness, life, and disablement and from employers. A adult female may besides endure from psychological hurt. Mildred Cho, Ph.D. , helper professor at Penn? s centre for bioethics, said that? one of the grounds for this limited sum of information? ? ? is the trouble of acquiring informations about the public presentation of the trial detect late-onset conditions? ( qtd in Randolph 2 ) . Another thing Cho stated was that for this trial to come out accurate at that place will hold to be a batch of clip and research invested, and the development of this trial has non been around fo r that long. One of the Major hazard a adult females? s pickings is that is the consequences come out positive she will hold to populate with this for the remainder of her life. Taking this trial will besides provide that individual with benefits. The adult female has the opportunity of happening out if she will develop chest malignant neoplastic disease or non ( kelly 4 ) . For illustration, if a adult female has a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease the most appropriate thing to make from halting malignant neoplastic disease to harm her is by taking both chests. Now with the bacanalysis trial the adult females have a opportunity to cognize if she should take her chest or non. The Cancer hazard and Assessment and Counseling Report stated that three hundred and twenty four adult females who had household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease decided to take their chests and merely 25 developed chest malignant neoplastic disease. At least 40 and as one hundred chest malignant neoplastic disease would hold been expected. Any adult females who takes the trial and gets positive will be obligated to go to guidance for at least six mont hs or one twelvemonth. Counseling that outlines the benefits of familial testing for chest malignant neoplastic disease may be an of import tool for forestalling the disease ( kelly 2 ) . Even in the absence of familial proving malignant neoplastic disease hazard and appraisal is recommended for persons with a household history of malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer hazard reding includes: ? Obtaining elaborate household, medical, and life manners ? Documenting cancer- related diagnosings ? Constructing and analysing household history ? Supplying hazard appraisal and guidance ? Discoursing options for early sensing and bar ? Discoursing hazard and benefits of cistron proving Today there is no remedy for chest malignant neoplastic disease, but the ability to make the right process will minimise the menaces breast malignant neoplastic disease had upon adult females. Today there are plentifulness of topographic points a adult female could seek aid and intervention. There are non any grounds why the chest malignant neoplastic disease should non be detected early. If every adult females follows up the process of BSE, takes the mammography yearly and takes in history that chest malignant neoplastic disease is a really serious disease, chest malignant neoplastic disease would non hold such a strong influence among Ame rican adult females today Familial Testing for Breast Cancer Breast Cancer touches each of our lives in someway. Almost everyone knows person who has been touched by it, and many of us live in fright of what it will make to us personally. Breast malignant neoplastic disease has been around of all time since I can retrieve ; it has affected my grandma and my female parent. Unfortunately my female parent was non able to contend this awful disease and died when I was merely 16. These were really difficult times for me, and of all time since so, my life has neer been the same. I neer knew how painful this disease could be for the person every bit good as for the household, by conveying agony and opening lesions that neer heal. Harmonizing to the National Women Health Information Center, chest malignant neoplastic disease is the most normally diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease and the 2nd prima cause of malignant neoplastic disease decease in American adult females today. The Health Technology Advisory Committee, estimates that there will be ap proximately 175,000 new instances of invasive chest malignant neoplastic disease this twelvemonth among adult females in the United States and there will be an norm of 43,300 adult females deceasing from this disease yearly. Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the most common type of malignant neoplastic disease among adult females, with about one in nine adult females developing the disease in her life-time ( National Cancer society. ) Although chest malignant neoplastic disease is known to impact adult females, it besides can be every bit lay waste toing to work forces. Male chest malignant neoplastic disease histories for one per centum of all diagnosed malignant neoplastic disease. Breast Cancer is disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the chest. These cancerous cells continue to turn and finally organize into lumps known as a tumour. A tumour is a mass of new tissue growing that is unresponsive to normal controls of the organisation influence of next tissues ; has no utile physiological map ( Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia 19:330 ) . The are two sort of tumours found in a adult females chest ; a benign and a malignant tumour. A benign tumour by and large grows easy and does non distribute to any portion of the organic structure. On the other manus, a malignant tumour is really unsafe. This tumour kills unless treated, because of its invasive and metastatic features. Every adult female is at hazard of obtaining Breast Cancer, nevertheless, some are at higher hazard than others. Simply being a adult female is the chief hazard factor for developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease can impact work forces, but this disease is about one hundred times more common among adult females. A adult females? s hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease increases with age. About 77 per centum of adult females with chest malignant neoplastic disease are over age 50 at the clip of diagnosing. Womans aged between 20 and 39 history for merely zero three per centum of chest malignant neoplastic disease instances ( TNCI ) . A chart from the National Cancer Institute illustrated that a adult female by that age of 30 is one out of two thousand five 100s and 20 at hazard of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease. The chart besides illustrated that a adult female by the age of eight her hazards of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease addition by one out of 10. Research has showed that those adult females, who have a personal history of chest malignant neoplastic disease, are five to six times at greater hazard of acquiring the disease than those who don? Ts have a personal history ( Hirshuat 67 ) . Womans who got their menses before the age of 12 are besides at higher hazard of developing malignant neoplastic disease than those who got their menses after the age of 15. Louise Brinton, Ph.D. , head of the Environmental Studies Section at the National Cancer Institute stated that, ? Many misss who get their periods at an early age tend to be corpulent, which is a separate hazard factor later in life. ? ( qtd. Women Weigh the Pros and Cons of Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer ) . The mean age of climacteric in the United States is about 55. Womans who enter climacteric after the mean age are at twice the hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease so adult females who enter climacteric before ago of 55. Never holding a kid or holding the first kid after age of 35 would besides increase their hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Research workers from the National Cancer Society have stated that the usage of intoxicant is clearly proven to increasing hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease. Compared with abstainers, adult females who consume one alcoholic drink a twenty-four hours have a really little addition in hazard. Those who have two to five drinks daily are about one and a half times higher in hazard than adult females who do non imbibe intoxicant. There are many ways to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease. The earliest chest malignant neoplastic diseases found the better the opportunities for successful intervention. Every adult female should follow these guidelines whether they have a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease or non. Mammography is an X ray of the chest. This is used to happen the disease in adult females who have symptoms or do non hold any chest jobs. Every adult female who falls between the ages of 40 and 90 should take this trial yearly. The mammogram should be between 25 dollars and two hundred and 25 dollars, there are assorted organisations and adult females support groups across the state who provide referrals to low-cost or free mammography services. Clinical Breast Examinations is another manner to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease. In this test, the wellness professional examines the adult females? s chest for any alterations in form or size and so gently fells the che st. This test should be practiced every three old ages for adult females who are in the ages between 20 and thirty-nine. Another easy and cheap manner to observe chest malignant neoplastic disease is by making the chest introspection ( Library General Health Encyclopedia ) . BSE consist of analyzing the chest every month or a hebdomad after every menses period. All this methods are utile for observing chest malignant neoplastic disease before it becomes a tumour. Breakthrough in familial research have identified two cistrons which will convey hope to many adult females by conveying them consequences of life economy, early sensing and intervention. However, this trial has hazards and benefits. The thought that cistrons play a function in 1s hazard of obtaining chest malignant neoplastic disease is terrorizing. However, in fact, genetic sciences is one of the most exciting and advanced countries of research in chest malignant neoplastic disease today. This recent find brings hope to many adult females. Approximately 5-10 % of chest malignant neoplastic disease instances are caused by a known familial familial alteration ( Breast Cancer Genes: The BRCA1 and BRCA2 ) . The first cistron to be identified was the BRCA1, Breast Cancer Gene 1. BRCA1 was discovered in 1994 after 4 old ages of research by a squad lead by Dr. Mark Skolnick, Ph.D. , a genetic sciences and professor of the University of Utah Medical Center and Dr. Roger Wiseman of NIH ( Benjamin ) . The cistron is located in the long arm of the chromosome 17, one of the 23 braces of chromosomes found in the human cells ( BRCA1 Sequence Analysis ) . Sean V. Tavtigian stated in the article BRCA 1 cistrons and its Protein Products, that any adult females who has a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease, has a even opportunity of inheriting a flowed transcript from either parent? ( qdt. BRCA1 Gena 18 ) . Dr. Mark Skolnick noted that the cistron? BRCA 1 is over 10 times larger than the mean cistron and could be prone to many types of mutant along its? span? ( qtd. in Baron-Faust 10 ) . A adult female who inherits a faulty transcript of BRCA 1 from her female parent or male parent besides has a normal transcript of the BRCA1 on most of the instances. Equally long as one normal transcript is present, her chest malignant neoplastic disease cells function usually. However, at some clip during her life, she is really likely to endure a mutant to the staying normal cistron transcript in one or more breast cells. The rate for these cells to develop into chest malignant neoplastic disease is highly high. Harmonizing to the Policy Statement of Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer, every bit many as 90 per centum of these adult females will develop it than a adult females with? normal? cistrons. A 2nd of import cistron act uponing chest malignant neoplastic disease today is BRCA2, chest malignant neoplastic disease cistron 2. This cistron was identified in 1995 by Dr. Douglas Easton of London? s Institute of Cancer Research ( Benjamin ) . The cistron is located in the long arm of chromosome 13. Another major familial defect associated with BRAC2 a tumour suppresser cistron called p53 located on the short arm of chromosome 17 ( Baron-Faust 58 ) . The? P? is used as an abbreviation for stating that is in the smallest portion of the chromosome 17. Another jobs in the cistron p53 will interfere with the production of a protein is what keeps that cells growing under control. Defects in p53 are believed to be among the most common familial defect in chest malignant neoplastic disease. A individual can be born with a faulty cistron or the cistron can go damaged thought the persons life. Almost 50 per centum of all worlds? malignant neoplastic disease cells contain a p53 mutant. An congenital defect in the p53 cistron occurs in households with the rare upset called? Li-Fraumen-Syndrom? , which causes an familial susceptibleness of early malignant neoplastic diseases, including chest malignant neoplastic disease ( Benjamin ) . Since p53 is so of import for normal cell growing in human research workers are go oning to look for ways to name, prevent and dainty malignant neoplastic disease associated with p53 ( American Cancer Society ) . It is know that BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumour suppresser cistrons, which map to forestall phase of tumour development. Mutants in these cistrons merely appear in a few familial tumours, and are seldom in malignant neoplastic diseases or in normal tissues. The trial called? bracanalysis? , can observe those familial defects in a adult females with a strong household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease. The trial consists of a individual blood trial. This trial does non name malignant neoplastic disease nor will it foretell if or when malignant neoplastic disease will develop. The bracanalysis looks for a specific mutant on the cistrons BRCA1 and BRCA2. Women with a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease are more likely to seek familial proving if they believe in the benefits. ? The trial cost between four hundred dollars and two thousand four hundred dollars depending on the type of trial needed, and takes about a hebdomad to obtain the consequences? ( Policy Statement of Genetic Testing of Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer in Women ) . Everyone is eligible to take the bracanalysis trial, nevertheless, some should take it in history more that others. Harmonizing to the National Cancer Society any adult females who fall into any of this classs should take in history of taking the trial. *Any adult females who has a personal history of chest malignant neoplastic disease. *Any adult females who have/had two or more close relations with chest malignant neoplastic disease. *Any adult females who have/had a comparative with chest malignant neoplastic disease at an early age. *Any adult females who have/had a comparative with bilateral ( both sides ) chest malignant neoplastic disease *Any adult females who has a form of chest malignant neoplastic disease in more than one coevals of their household. Any adult female who takes the trial will be faced with plentifulness of hazards. Marin Penalist and oncologist and a chest specializer said, ? If you have the trial done it comes up with a positive, it becomes a catastrophe? you? ll neer acquire medical insurance again. ? ( qtd. in Jacobson ) . There are opportunities that after taking the trial the adult females may endure favoritism, from insures, such as wellness, life, and disablement and from employers. A adult female may besides endure from psychological hurt. Mildred Cho, Ph.D. , helper professor at Penn? s centre for bioethics, said that? one of the grounds for this limited sum of information? ? ? is the trouble of acquiring informations about the public presentation of the trial detect late-onset conditions? ( qtd in Randolph 2 ) . Another thing Cho stated was that for this trial to come out accurate at that place will hold to be a batch of clip and research invested, and the development of this trial has non been around fo r that long. One of the Major hazard a adult females? s pickings is that is the consequences come out positive she will hold to populate with this for the remainder of her life. Taking this trial will besides provide that individual with benefits. The adult female has the opportunity of happening out if she will develop chest malignant neoplastic disease or non ( kelly 4 ) . For illustration, if a adult female has a household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease the most appropriate thing to make from halting malignant neoplastic disease to harm her is by taking both chests. Now with the bacanalysis trial the adult females have a opportunity to cognize if she should take her chest or non. The Cancer hazard and Assessment and Counseling Report stated that three hundred and twenty four adult females who had household history of chest malignant neoplastic disease decided to take their chests and merely 25 developed chest malignant neoplastic disease. At least 40 and as one hundred chest malignant neoplastic disease would hold been expected. Any adult females who takes the trial and gets positive will be obligated to go to guidance for at least six mont hs or one twelvemonth. Counseling that outlines the benefits of familial testing for chest malignant neoplastic disease may be an of import tool for forestalling the disease ( kelly 2 ) . Even in the absence of familial proving malignant neoplastic disease hazard and appraisal is recommended for persons with a household history of malignant neoplastic disease. Cancer hazard reding includes: ? Obtaining elaborate household, medical, and life manners ? Documenting cancer- related diagnosings ? Constructing and analysing household history ? Supplying hazard appraisal and guidance ? Discoursing options for early sensing and bar ? Discoursing hazard and benefits of cistron proving Today there is no remedy for chest malignant neoplastic disease, but the ability to make the right process will minimise the menaces breast malignant neoplastic disease had upon adult females. Today there are plentifulness of topographic points a adult female could seek aid and intervention. There are non any grounds why the chest malignant neoplastic disease should non be detected early. If every adult females follows up the process of BSE, takes the mammography yearly and takes in history that chest malignant neoplastic disease is a really serious disease, chest malignant neoplastic disease would non hold such a strong influence among American adult females today

The Transition of Russia to Capitalism

The Transition of Russia to Capitalism Russia, in an attempt to end communism and adopt capitalism, engaged herself in a number of reforms after the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or the Soviet Union). Beginning late 1980s, the new nation started massive economic reforms aimed at relieving the state ownership of the process of production and encouraging private and corporate ownership of the process.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Transition of Russia to Capitalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Backed by the west, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, the Russian government, under Boris Yeltsin and his group of young advisors, started the Neo-Liberalism, a transition period that would see the country undergo massive privatization, liberalization and stabilization (Kosals, 2006). Nevertheless, Russia’s economy faced serious problems and failed to achieve the capitalism dream as planned, instead it fa ced rapid decline, increased corruption and reduction in vital state gains (Kosals, 2006). Scholars have identified a number of issues that faced the transition of the Russian economy to capitalism, causing the decline. Scholars state that Russia failed to achieve a dynamic capitalist economy and instead, it achieved a malevolent form of capitalism known as â€Å"crony capitalism† or â€Å"mafia capitalism† (Abdelal, 2001). The cause of the problem is based on the process of expropriation of the state assets initially controlled by the state during the Soviet Union era. A small group of people, probably less than 100, appropriated the state assets during the transition period. They were individuals with strong connection with powerful state officials and integrated into criminal groups or clans. They developed notorious oligarchs with an aim of making money through banking and trade (Guriev Rachinsky, 2005). To achieve this, they took the advantage of the poor legal f ramework developed during the transition period, which allowed them to siphon off enormous profits from the state assets and transfer them to offshore accounts (Guriev Rachinsky, 2005).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The economic advisors and policy makers behind the transition to capitalism failed to note the need for strong and effective legal frameworks for ensuring a smooth and directed transfer of state assets to private ownership (Abdelal, 2001). Russia failed to have in place effective anti-corruption laws, institutions and the will to deal with the oligarchs. It seems that both the western advisors and Yeltsin’s group of young advisors overlooked the important impact of developing a legal framework to regulate and monitor the transition (Abdelal, 2001). In turn, the oligarchs obtained huge profits through appropriation, especially by deriving gain s the state fuel and metal industries on the world markets. The primary problem was that the oligarchs made almost no investment in the country, leaving the country in a poor state of investment, even in the gas, oil and metallurgical industries that were supporting the economy (Abdelal, 2001). As a result, fuel and mineral production declined and the existing reserves increasing became depleted (Exhibit 1). Poor investment meant that exploitation of new ventures and reserves derailed (Kosals, 2006). Thirdly, the Yeltsin advisors overlooked the need for investing in the infrastructure, communication, transport and agriculture. Instead, much of the investments were in small industries such as services, catering and trade (Exhibit 2). The new capitalist enterprises were often small and unincorporated private companies that were unable to make large profits or pay high wage levels (Exhibit 3). The neoliberalism used in the transition period has also been cited as one of the major facto rs that caused the decline of the economy and failure to achieve a functional capitalism economy. In particular, the Russian government and policy makers applied neo-liberal shock therapy, where there was all shock and no therapy. In particular, price liberalization destroyed Russia’s working capital for its enterprises (Abdelal, 2001). The country also embarked on the liberalization of the administration-command system by dismantling it, but this only deprived investment finance while restrictive financial policies increased the cost of credit and over-valuation of the exchange rate.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Transition of Russia to Capitalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cheap imports were excessive in the Russian market because of the freeing of international trade, while lack of legal regulation of privatization allowed criminals to expropriate the valuable state assets (Abdelal, 2001). Who is to blame for Russia’s failed transition? In fact, a number of forces are to blame for the problems facing Russia’s transition to capitalism and the detrimental consequences on the economy and social system. First, Russia’s history is partly to blame, considering the complexity of the communist system between 1917 and 1989, where the Soviet Union controlled and owned the process of production (Abdelal, 2001). State corporations had been the key to economic development, which achieved its peak during the mid-20th century. In addition, the previous regimes (before the collapse of the USSR) concentrated more on military expenditure, especially during the cold war. The military consumed huge percentages of the nation’s budget, with the state of Russia being the major financier of the budget. The country was deprived of capital for investment as well as social development because the military and foreign affairs were more important to the cold war USSR than other sectors of the economy. Thus, it was necessary to ensure that these forces were controlled and dismantled before privatization. An in-depth analysis of the situation in Russia during the transition may indicate that the Yeltsin government is to blame for its lack of vision and ability to tackle the social and historical problems before embarking on rapid transition process. For instance, the regime failed to implement and institute effective legal frameworks for controlling and regulating the process of privatization (Abdelal, 2001). Had the country embarked on the effective legal system, the oligarchs would have lacked the opportunity to embezzle the country’s finances.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yeltsin’s advisors, especially the group of young economists and political scientists hired by the presidency to oversee the transition process, failed to note the need for a slow but effective transfer of the economy from state control to private ownership (Abdelal, 2001). They believed in a rapid and haste transition, probably aiming to copy the west, without noting the negative impacts of rapid loss of state control of the transition process. In fact, critics of neo-liberalism have shown the differences between Russia and other formerly socialist/communist nations like China, Uzbekistan and Vietnam. These states embarked on a slow but effective process governed by law and retaining state strong state control of the market system during their transition periods. In addition, countries such as China used restrictive laws to preside over a dynamic transition based on a dynamic growth based on investments in infrastructure, manufacturing, education, health, mining, technology and processing industries (Exhibit 4). Thus, Russia’s inability to take such steps failed the transition process, eventually destroying the once vibrant economy. Moreover, Yeltsin’s lack of involvement of all the state organs such as the legislature and the continued allocation of huge sums of money to the military after the collapse of the Soviet Union contributed to the failures in the economic transition process. For example, Yeltsin’s government sought to structure the government while also undertaking the rapid transition system (Kosals, 2006). Politics inferred with the economic reforms during the period, especially after Yeltsin announced rapid reforms in the legislature, including a snap parliamentary election after dissolving the legislature. There massive protests as most parliamentarians objected the move and refused to leave the parliament buildings, but Yeltsin used the military to remove them. After these events, the political will to oversee a smo oth and effective transition failed greatly because the presidency was not willing to involve the legislature, which made it difficult to enact and implement effective laws to reduce the impact of the oligarchs (Kosals, 2006). The government further failed to impose hard budget constraints on several traditional enterprises while also failing to provide both direct and indirect credits as well as subsidies to the companies facing collapse. Years after the collapse of the communist union, the state bodies, especially at the local and regional levels, have continued to place bureaucratic limitations permitting such issues as private land ownership and agreements for shared resource exploitation (Kosals, 2006). Moreover, the government is yet to show significance commitment to encourage the establishment of the rule of law in order to secure property rights, trade contracts and reduce the degree of corruption. What should be done? To reverse the effects of the shock therapy and the fai led transition, Russia should embark on a new system governed by the rule of law. First, it must enact and implement strong and effective anti-corruption laws in order to secure the economy from distractors such as economic cartels that own the production process. Such laws should be used to control the private ownership of corporations and control of major economic sectors. Secondly, laws should be put in place to ensure investment in importance economic sectors such as banking, oil, metallurgic, communication, transport mining and processing industry. Infrastructure development must be given priority in the national budget in order to encourage large-scale investments while also cutting the amounts of resources spent on military expenditure (Kosals, 2006). In addition, the government must reduce the reliance on traditional enterprises and encourage foreign direct investment while also reducing the entry of cheap products from foreign markets in order to save the local industries f rom excessive losses. Bailing out of the loss-making corporations should further be enhanced in order to prevent economic crisis. Appendix Figure 1: Key economic indicators in the transition-era Russia Figure 2: The collapsing rate of investment during the transition period Figure 3: The increasing rate of unemployment during the transition era Figure 4: Russia’s GDP trend during the transition References Abdelal, R. E. (2001). Russia: The end of a time of troubles? Harvard, MA: Harvard Business School. Burawoy, M. (2002). Transition without transformation: Russia’s involutionary road to capitalism. Locating Capitalism in Time and Space: Global Restructurings, Politics and Identity, 269-90. Guriev, S., Rachinsky, A. (2005). The role of oligarchs in Russian capitalism. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1), 131-150. Kosals, L. (2006). Interim outcome of the Russian transition: clan capitalism. Kyoto Institute of Economic Research Working Paper, 610.

Proposal (How to increase organ donating in the United States) Essay

Proposal (How to increase organ donating in the United States) - Essay Example In 2005, 7,593 deceased donors provided 21,215 organs for transplantation, and there were 6,896 living donors. But this growth lags far behind the increasing need, as approximately 40,000 individuals are added to the U.S. transplant waiting list each year, with a net increase of about 6,000 people over the prior year. At the start of 2006, more than 90,000 people were waiting to receive organs." (News) There is a wide figurative gap between availability of organs and the number of patients waiting for them. If not given immediate attention, human mortality will reach to even higher summit and still rising. A number of proposals have been put forward to dramatically increase organ and tissue donation in the United States. One proposal has been to provide financial incentives to donors or their families. Another proposal to increase rates of organ and tissue donation is presumed consent. This is "an opt-out system in which everyone is considered to be a donor unless they take appropriate steps to declare themselves a nondonor." (Gallup Organization, 2005). Counteracting misinformation through public education is also one of the suggested options. Mandated choice also offers "an alternative to obtaining consent from the family by returning control to the individual. This plan would require all adults to record their wishes about posthumous organ donation and would consider those wish es binding." (Spital, 1996). As mentioned by James F. Childress, John Allen Hollingsworth Professor of Ethics, professor of medical education, and director, Institute for Practical Ethics and Public Life, University of Virginia, Charlottesville in the News of Institute of Medicine of the National Academies last May 2, 2006, the "best approaches are to pursue ways to increase donations based on circulatory determination of death, to enhance public education about the value of organ donation, to increase opportunities for people to opt in, and to sustain quality improvements in the organ donation system." These mentioned approaches are the result of government's examination of a wide range of proposals to increase rates of organ donation. Surely, the mentioned approaches will dramatically increase the figure of organ donation, in short term basis. This therefore, does not guarantee a steady and effective supply of organs in the long run. Most organs come from deceased donors whose deaths were clinically found to be neurologic-"irreversible loss of activity in the brain, including in the brain stem" (News) and circulatory-"irreversible loss of heart function that leads to permanent cessation of blood circulation" (News) and therefore eligible for the cause. Circulatory determination of death still has to consider and evaluate the ethical implications of deceased organ donation. On the other hand, increasing opportunities for people to opt in may work. People are now considering their organs to be donated. In a 2005 National Public Opinion Survey on Organ Donation, this was manifested when 52.7% of Americans have granted permission for donation of organs or tissues on a driver's license or an organ donor card. The statistics represents "a significant increase since 1993 when only 28% had granted permission for donation on a driver's license or an organ donor card" (Gallup Organization, 2005), and yet this number does

Health Education Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Education - Case Study Example It greatly depends on the perception people have on a situation and their actual ability to handle and cope with such situations. Stress can cause marginal and severe health related problems, and ultimately death in extreme cases. Although most stress management techniques and tools have previously shown positive impacts on minimizing stress, there only serve as guidance, and therefore readers are highly advised to seek help from highly qualified health professionals in case of their stress is causing them persistent or significant unhappiness or severe stress related illness. The baseline in most cases is emotional, that is, we need emotional intelligence in order to have stable relationships (Sedgeman 47-50). Relationships are major causes of stress to many people. This is because of the nature of such relationships of bringing people of different backgrounds and various diversities. Every person has his or her own choices, beliefs, values and preferences. People in a relationship are not exceptional; they have different goals and values in such relationships. Some take it seriously others don’t. It also takes time for people in a relationship to understand one another, especially to master the traits, preferences, and views of each other in life situations. This is why relationships are sources of stress. It appears that people get attracted to one another due to the commonalities, but may be to a subconscious extent, partners are more attracted due to the differences exhibited by each other. This therefore is a source of stress in a relationship, particularly because of the growing frictions resulting from the differences. However, it is due to this growing friction that relationships grow. This is particularly why relationships are major sources of stress to many people (Allen 25-27). Most people handle relationships and stress differently. This is because of individual upbringing and past experiences either of the partners may have had in the past. Some people have adopted stress management as a broad spectrum of psychotherapies and techniques that seek to control the level of stress of a person in a relationship, especially chronic stress, often for reasons of improving their day to day functioning, and the differences in their relationships. The availability of various techniques of stress management for self help and for use by health professionals, to help people limit stress and provide optimistic feelings of putting life situations under control, as well as promote the state of general well-being, are reasons for handling stress and relationships differently. Those who are aware of such techniques find it easy to handle and manage stress, while the others find it way too difficult (Lazarus & Folkman 45-49). In an evaluation of the situation of Mary and DeWayne, the two have been dating for over two years. The partners discussed their eventual marriage, and perhaps either of the partners did not take it that serious, as seen at the later stage of the relationship. Mary practically took this very serious and her whole world centers on DeWayne. She takes her time thinking about DeWayne constantly; however, DeWayne is less interested in the whole affair. This is evident from several broken dates with work excuses. DeWayne lacked respect for the feelings of Mary; this came out on an occasion when Mary spotted him strolling into a restaurant with another woman. DeWayne was supposedly studying on this particular occasion. To

How the internet has changed world culture Essay

How the internet has changed world culture - Essay Example The widespread use of the Internet has resulted in a virtual shrinking of the world that has led to the speculation of the concept of the world collapsing into a single Global Village. This leaves us with the strong possibility of the evolving of a new world culture at the detriment of the existing wide varieties of cultures around the world. Many of the cultures around the world are grounded in the religions practised in the surroundings. These religions have come down the ages and provide instil strong moral flavors to the cultures. Some of these morals may appear orthodox and out of sync with the modern world. Yet, they provide the moral fibers in most of the cultures worldwide. From the perspective of these moral fibers ingrained in the many cultures, the Internet appear â€Å"1000 times more dangerous than the television†, making it the â€Å"the world’s leading cause of temptation†, â€Å"a deadly poison which burns the souls†, as it incites and encourages sin and abomination of the worst kind (Singh 2009, p.46). In other words the influence of the Internet on world culture is to tear apart the moral fibers ingrained in it through moral pollution of the world culture (1). This criticism of the negative influence of the Internet on world culture stems from the innumerable pages of written and visual pages present in it. For instance, pornographic sites abound in the Internet, providing hours of questionable viewing to any user of the Internet, irrespective of age and gender. The Internet has made it possible for the emergence and proliferation of virtual communities or groups built around specialized interests, themes or cultural identities. Members of these virtual communities or groups tend to devout their time and attention more on these virtual social groupings than the real cultural groups that they belong to. A consequence of this is the fragmentation of cultures around the world, or in

British Legal Framework For Construction Health and Safety

British Legal Framework For Construction Health and Safety In 1974 in Great Britain, the parliament adopted the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA) which became the major piece of legislation at work for health and safety matters in the country. This Act was adopted for all industries including construction. Its aims were to provide the main principles and duties to employers, employees and all the participant of the work activity in general (St John Holt, 2005). Then, the European Union (EU) imposed new directives to its members on health and safety issues. The legal framework in Great Britain changed and new acts and directive had been adopted by the parliament setting up a hierarchy of component in the legal system (Howarth Watson, 2009): European Union regulations and directives: all the members of EU are subject to European legislation UK statutory law: acts of parliament HSWA 1974 is the principal act in the UK Statutory instrument: regulations to develop and detail specific duties and requirement concerning health and safety law in the UK Approved Codes of Practice: practical guidance for compliance with health and safety regulations Since 1974, the HSWA had been supported and supplemented by several statutory instruments and regulations (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004). Following the framework directives of the EU aiming to improve health and safety for workers at work, the Management of the Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 and then 1999 (MHSW) came to provide additional elements to the HSWA. Other daughter regulations had been adopted to implement this act on specific construction related areas (Fewings, 2005). Some examples of these new regulations (St John Holt, 2005; Fewings, 2005): MHSW Management of the Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992/1999 CHSW Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996/2000 PUWER Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 LOLER Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 CSHHR Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 MHOR Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 CDM Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994/2007 The HSWA first objectives were to impose duties on the stakeholders involved in the work activity related to the safeguarding of health and safety standards. The key duties were places on employers toward employees, on employers towards people other than employees, on people in control of premises, on designer, manufacturers, suppliers and plant installer for the safety of their products, on every employees and more generally on everybody concerned by work activity (Howarth Watson, 2009). The responsibility for enforcing these act and regulations is taken by the Health and Safety Commission (HSC) which is appointed by the government to develop policies on its behalf. Its executive arm, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is in charge of the enforcement. It controls and advise the companies in the applications of the regulations (St John Holt, 2005). The HSC and HSE are also responsible of recording and monitoring construction industry health and safety statistics in Great Britain. Injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences are then considered with numbers and corrective actions can be made (Howarth Watson, 2009). Construction design and management (CDM) On 6 April 2007 came into force in Great Britain the new Construction Design and Management Regulations 2007 written by the Health and Safety Commission (HSC) and approved by the Secretary of State and the Parliament. These regulations update, combine and replace the former Construction Design and Management Regulations 1994 (CDM94) and the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 (CHSW) which both needed to be reviewed and updated accordingly with the recent evolutions of the considerations towards health and safety issues in construction and after consultations of the main stakeholders of the construction industry (HSC, 2007). The CDM2007 Regulations aim to reduce construction accidents and ill health in Great Britain by encouraging the various stakeholders of the construction industry to improve in planning and managing their projects taking into consideration matters of safety and health early on in the project definition. By starting focusing on these essential points at the beginning of a project, risks can be identified and managers are able to make good decisions ahead of difficulties (Howarth Watson, 2009). In this new version of the regulations, the HSC focuses on communication and co-ordination between all the parties involved in the construction project and set up several duties for each of the different stakeholders. It also highlights that the amount of paperwork and all the bureaucracy caused by the previous version of the regulations should be reduced and the focus put on the planning and management. (HSE Website) The CDM set up obligations for clients and designers. The main obligation imposed to the client is to appoint the main stakeholders for the planning and the realisation of construction work (St John Holt, 2005). By construction work, the CDM broadly refers to the carrying out of building, civil engineering or engineering construction word (HSC, 2007). The regulations also impose duties to the central figures then appointed which are related to health, safety and occupational safety on construction project and which will be summarised later in this paper. Among the dutyholders which participate to the carrying out of the project are the Client, the Designer, the CDM-Coordinator, the Principal Contractor and the Contractors (St John Holt, 2005). The Client The Client is defined as any person for whom construction work is being carried out, whether done by external labour or in-house (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004). It can be an individual as well as a company. By this definition of the investigator of the work, the Client is the one who provides adequate funds to design and realise the work in respect of safety and health regulations imposed by the CDM and thus has a certain influence on what happens on site (St John Holt, 2005). The CDM Regulations 2007 submit the Client to several duties (Howarth Watson, 2009) (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004) (HSE, 2006): Appoint a CDM-Coordinator and a Principal Contractor Make sure that these two stakeholders and all the other the client could directly appoint are competent and have the adequate resources to mange health and safety problem associated with the project Ensure that the construction does not start until suitable welfare facilities have been provided as well as an agreeable health and safety plan Provide the CDM-Coordinator and the Designers with all the relevant information about health and safety matters related to the project Retain and make the health and safety file available to anyone who asks for it The CDM-Coordinator should be appointed as soon as possible so the Client can receive advice from him in order to appoint the other stakeholders (St John Holt, 2005). One of the important duty of the Client is to make sure that all the main figures he (it?) has to appoint are competent and have the adequate resources to deal with health and safety issues. That means the Client has to ensure that these stakeholders understand well the project, are familiar with construction techniques, are well aware of health and safety matters their risks and consequences but also that they allocate enough money and persons to do the job (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004). Maybe what they are not required ? Fraser The CDM-Coordinator The CDM-Coordinator is a person or a company appointed as early as possible by the Client in the preparation of the project. He is a key element for the prevention of risks related to health and safety as he is the main advisor of the Client and he is the guarantor of coordination and co-operation between the main figures involved in the construction process (HSC, 2007). The duties of the CDM-Coordinator imposed by the Regulations 2007 are (HSC, 2007) (Semple Fraser, 2007) (Howarth Watson, 2009): Advise the Client and other stakeholders on appointments: competence and resource availability Notify HSE about the project Coordinate planning and design work on health and safety matters Cooperate with the Principal Contractor and facilitate good communication between the stakeholders involved in the project Collect pre-construction information and prepare a pre-tender health and safety plan Prepare and update the health and safety file Supervise designers and ensure the design is prepared adequately The CDM-Coordinator is appointed only in the case of notifiable projects. That covers all the construction works which are scheduled to last more than 30 days or involve more than 500 person-days of work. A person-day is defined as one individual carrying out construction work during one normal working day (St John Holt, 2005). An important part of the CDM-Coordinators duties is to work close to designers in order to ensure they get the right information are the good moment and to supervise their work in order to figure out if they consider hazard, risks and control (WS Atkins Consultants, rev A. Gilbertson, 2004). The Designer Designers have a key role in managing health and safety on site. They are the persons or companies who can prevent risks at the source (Semple Fraser, 2007). The designer is the one who analyse site information and prepare drawings and specifications for the project. He can be an architect, a land surveyor or an engineer (HSE, 2006). For complex projects, several designers can be appointed to split the design and ensure to identify and examine all the health and safety factors that need to be addressed (WS Atkins Consultants, rev A. Gilbertson, 2004). The main duties of a designers are Eliminate hazards and reduce health and safety risks Provide all the stakeholders with information about the remaining risks that could be eliminated Ensure the client is aware of duties and that he (it?) appointed a CDM-Coordinator Update the health and safety file with all the new information concerning health and safety matters Cooperate with the CDM-Coordinator and the other designers and supply the relevant information Designers have the duty of indentifying and eliminating hazards and reduce the risks of those which cannot be eliminated (HSC, 2007) by using risk assessment methods to detect foreseeable risk and ensure the safety of workers by tackling the problem at the source. For this purpose they have to reduce de likelihood of harmful occurrences and the potential severity of harm resultant from it, limit the number of people exposed the these occurrences on site as well as and the duration and frequency of exposition (Howarth Watson, 2009). The Principal Contractor The Principal Contractor is an individual or a company appointed early in the construction process by the Client and is responsible for planning, managing and controlling health and safety on site during the construction phase of the project (HSE, 2006). The Principal Contractor is usually the main Contractor of the project. He (it?) has to ensure a good cooperation and coordination of work between the Contractors involved in the construction because of the fact they may work on the same site at the same time and then interaction between then can create unexpected hazards (HSC, 2007). The duties imposed to the Principal Contractor are (Howarth Watson, 2009) (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004) (HSE, 2006): Plan, manage and control construction phases and provide a good communication with Contractors Create and implement the health and safety plan on the base of the pre-construction plan Set up site rules Provide Contractors with all the information available concerning health and safety matters to ensure safety of their workers Ensure the availability of suitable welfare facilities at the beginning of the work and maintain it during the duration of the construction phase Check the resource availability and the competence of its (his?) appointed stakeholders Provide the workers with an induction when they arrive on site and further training and information for specific work Make the site a safe place and restrict access to people involved in the construction Consult with the workers and liaise with the CDM-Coordinator The Principal Contractor has a significant health implication when designs change or decisions are modified. The consultation process with the workers and the CDM-Coordinator permits to make everyone aware of the new updates in the construction phase plan and of the changing in managing health and safety (Semple Fraser, 2007). The Contractor The Contractor is any person or company who is in charge of the carrying out or the management of the construction work. The Contractor can also organise the work of other stakeholders who carry out the work on his (it ?) behalf (Joyston-Bechal Grice, 2004). The duties of the Contractor are (Howarth Watson, 2009) (HSC, 2007): Plan, manage and control own work and that of workers Check competence of workers and sub-contractors Specific training for workers Provide health and safety information to workers Make sure workers beneficiate of suitable welfare facilities Check the project is notified before starting the work Cooperate with other Contractors and with the Principal Contractor Provide any information to update the health and safety file Report any accidents, diseases and dangerous occurrences to the Principal Contractor as well as problems with the health and safety plan. Most of the time on large projects, several contractors work at the same time on the same site. In this case it is essential they cooperate with each other and follow the instructions of the Principal Contractor not to interact and create new hazards on site. The contractors should ask for the health and safety construction phase plan produced by the Principal Contractor to get all the information they need to ensure safety of their employees (HSE, 2006).